SPECIAL CHROMOSOMES - BALANCERS
##
BALANCERS
##
asc
 constitution:  In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+S, sc[S1] sc[8] w[a].
 properties: Like Basc except that B reverted.
#
Basc
 constitution:  In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+S, sc[S1] sc[8] w[a] B.
 synthesis: Muller.
 synonym:M-5: Muller-5.
 references: Spencer and Stern, 1948, Genetics 33: 43-74.
 properties: Male and homozygous female viable and fertile;
  X/0 male poorly viable, variegated for y, ac,
  and probably l(1)J1  Suppresses crossing over
  in X, but less so than Binsc because
  In(1)S = In(1)6A1-3;10F10-11A1 less effective
  than In(1)dl-49 = In(1)4D7-E1;11F2-4. Routinely
  used in detection of sex-linked recessive lethals.
#
Binsc
 constitution:  In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+dl-49, sc[S1] sc[8] B.
 synthesis: Muller.
 properties: Male and homozygous female viable and fertile.
  Suppresses crossing over in X chromosome.
#
Binscy
 constitution:  In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+dl-49, y sc[S1] sc[8] v B.
 synthesis: Muller.
 references: 1952, DIS 26: 113-14.
  Muller and Oster, 1963. In Methodology in Basic
  Genetics (W. J. Burdette, ed). Holden-Day, Inc.,
  pp. 249-78.
 properties: Male and homozygous female viable and fertile.
  Suppresses crossing over in X chromosome.
#
Binsn
 constitution:  In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+dl-49, sc[S1] sc[8] sn[X2] B.
 synthesis: Muller.
 properties: Male viable and fertile; homozygous female viable but
  sterile because of sn[X2]. Suppresses crossing
  over in X chromosome.
#
Biny
 constitution:  In(1)sc[8L]sc[S1R]+dl-49, y[31d]
  sc[-] v f B.
 synthesis: Lindsley.
 references: Lindsley and Edington, 1957, DIS 31: 131-32.
  Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle, 1960, Genetics
  45: 1649-70.
 properties: Male lethal because of deficiency for sc.
  Suppresses crossing over in the X chromosome.
  Used in the recovery of Y-suppressed, sex-linked,
  recessive lethals.
#
C(3)x
 constitution:  Probably In(3L+3R)P.
#
ClB
 constitution:  In(1)Cl, sc l(1)C t[2] sl B.
 synthesis: Muller.
 references: 1928, Genetics 13: 279-357.
 properties: Male lethal. Suppresses crossing over in X
  chromosome. Originally used in recovery of sex-linked
  recessive lethals; largely replaced by Basc for
  this purpose.
#
CyO: Curly derivative of Oster
 constitution:  In(2LR)O, dp[lvI] Cy pr cn[2].
 synthesis: Oster.
 synonym:Cy,InsO5.
 references: 1956, DIS 30: 145.
 properties: More effective suppresser of crossing over in
  chromosome 2 than In(2L+2R)Cy; should be
  superior to SM1 as balancer for chromosome 2.
#
FM1: First Multiple
 constitution:  In(1)sc[8]+dl-49, y[31d] sc[8] w[a] lz[s] B.
 synthesis: Schultz and Curry.
 synonym:complete.
 references: Lewis and Mislove, 1963, DIS 27: 57-58.
 properties: Male viable and fertile; homozygous female viable
  but sterile because of lz[s]. Reduces crossing
  over in X chromosome. Useful for balancing
  sex-linked, recessive, sterile or lethal mutations.
#
FM3
 constitution:  In(1)FM3, y[31d] sc[8] dm B.
 synonym:R. F. Grell, 1954.
 references: Mislove and Lewis, 1954, DIS 28: 77.
 properties: Male lethal owing to presence of two recessive
  lethals in In(1)FM3, which may be covered by
  B[S]Yy[+] or by y[+]Y and
  B[S]Y.
  Effectively suppresses crossing over in the X
  chromosome. Useful for balancing sex-linked,
  recessive, female-sterile mutants and, in combination
  with B[S]Yy[+], for balancing sex-linked,
  recessive, lethal and male-sterile mutants.
#
FM4
 constitution:  In(1)FM4, y[31d] sc[8] dm B.
 synthesis: R. F. Grell, 1954.
 references: Mislove and Lewis, 1954, DIS 28: 77.
 properties: Male viable and fertile; homozygous female viable
  but sterile because of dm. In(1)FM4 is the
  consequence of the approximate reinversion of
  In(1)dl-49 in In(1)sc[8]+dl-49 and is
  similar in sequence to In(1)sc[8] but with the
  insertion of 3C-4F into 11F. Unless this small
  transposition has an abnormally large effect on
  crossing over (e.g., see Dp(2;2)C619)
  recombination might be expected to be frequent in
  FM4/+ heterozygotes and practically normal in
  FM4/In(1)sc[8] heterozygotes. In FM4/+
  heterozygotes, double crossover with points of
  exchange inside or outside the 3C to 11F region
  should produce euploid X chromosomes, and those
  with one point of exchange inside and one outside
  produce complementary duplications and deficiencies
  for 3C to 4F. The duplication survives in either
  sex and exhibits a Confluens phenotype (E. H. Grell);
  the deficiency might survive in the
  heterozygote as a Notch Minute female judging from
  the survival of the slightly smaller
  Df(1)w[m258-44] = Df(1)3C3-4;4D2-E1. Balancing
  properties not well determined. Some lines carry
  w[55f] and in some y[31d] replaced with
  y[+] or B with f or +.
#
FM6
 constitution:  In(1)FM6, y[31d] sc[8] dm B.
 synthesis: R. F. Grell, 55i.
 references: Grell and Lewis, 1956, DIS 30: 71.
 properties: Male viable and fertile; homozygous female viable but
  sterile because of dm. Like FM4 except for
  the presence of the additional In(1)15D-E;20A-B.
  Reservations similar to those about the balancing
  ability of FM4 apply in FM6 to the salivary
  chromosome region from 1B to 15D. In genotypes with
  a normal recombination rate, FM6 effectively
  eliminates recombination in FM6/+ heterozygotes
  but yields viable recombinants when heterozygous for
  such inversions as In(1)sc[8]. Used for
  balancing sex-linked, recessive, lethal and sterile
  mutations. Does not effectively balance cv or
  v in stocks that are also heterozygous for
  In(2LR)SM1 and In(3LR)Ubx[130].
#
In(1)dl-49+B[M1]
 constitution:  In(1)dl-49+B[M1], sc v B[M1].
 properties: Male and homozygous female viable and fertile.
  Effective suppressor of crossing over in X
  chromosome.
#
In(1)sc[7]+AM
 constitution:  In(1)sc[7]+AM, sc[7].
 properties: Male viable and fertile; homozygous female viable but
  sterile because of homozygous In(1)AM. Reduces
  X chromosome crossing over. May be used to
  balance sex-linked, recessive, lethal or sterile
  mutations.
#
In(1)sc[S1]+dl-49
 constitution:  In(1)sc[S1]+dl-49, sc[S1] v f car.
 properties: Male viable and fertile; homozygous female viable but
  sterile because of homozygous In(1)sc[S1].
  Reduces crossing over in X chromosome. May be
  used to balance sex-linked, recessive, lethal or
  sterile mutations.
#
Insc
 constitution:  In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+dl-49, sc[S1] sc[8].
 synthesis: Muller.
 properties: Male and homozygous female viable and fertile.
  Suppresses crossing over in the X chromosome.
#
Inscy
 constitution:  In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+dl-49, y sc[S1] sc[8].
 synthesis: Muller.
 properties: Male and homozygous female viable and fertile.
  Crossing over suppressed in X chromosome.
#
LVM: Balancer of L. V. Morgan
 constitution:  In(3L)P with a lethal in each arm of chromosome 3.
#
S-5
 constitution:  In(1)sc[4L]sc[8R]+S, y sc[4] sc[8] w[a] B.
 synthesis: Lindsley.
 references: Lindsley and Edington, 1957, DIS 31: 131-32.
  Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle, 1960, Genetics
  45: 1649-70.
 properties: Male viable and fertile; homozygous female and
  X/0 male inviable because of deficiency for
  bb. Suppresses crossing over in X
  chromosome. Used in the recovery of
  Y-suppressed, sex-linked, recessive lethals.
#
SM1: Second Multiple
 constitution:  In(2LR)SM1, al[2] Cy cn[2] sp[2].
 synthesis: R. F. Grell, 1953.
 references: Lewis and Mislove, 1953, DIS 27: 58.
 properties: Viability and fertility of heterozygote excellent.
  Reliable balancer for all of chromosome 2,
  although there is an occasional double crossover in
  2R if X and 3 are heterozygous for
  inversion. MacIntyre and Wright (1966, DIS
  41: 141-42) found no recombination between In(2LR)SM1
  and al dp b pr cn c px sp in females that are
  heterozygous for In(1)sc[8] and
  In(3LR)Ubx[130].
#
SM2
 constitution:  T(2;3)SM2, al[2] Cy lt[v] cn[2] sp[2].
 synthesis: R. F. Grell, 1953.
 references: Lewis and Mislove, 1953, DIS 27: 58.
  1954, DIS 28: 77.
 properties: Not useful as a balancer.
#
SM5
 constitution:  In(2LR)SM5, al[2] Cy lt[v] cn[2] sp[2].
 synthesis: R. F. Grell, 1953.
 references: Mislove and Lewis, 1955, DIS 29: 75.
 properties: Heterozygote usually has good viability and
  fertility, although may not be as good as SM1.
  Most complete balancer for chromosome 2.
#
TM1: Third Multiple
 constitution:  In(3LR)TM1, Me ri sbd[2].
 synthesis: E. B. Lewis.
 references: 1949, DIS 23: 92.
  Lewis and Mislove, 1953, DIS 27: 58.
 properties: Homozygous lethal. Suppresses crossing over in
  chromosome 3.
#
TM2
 constitution:  In(3LR)Ubx[130], Ubx[130] e[s].
 synthesis: E. B. Lewis.
 references: 1952, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 38: 953-61.
  1952, DIS 26: 66.
 properties: Homozygous lethal. Eliminates crossing over in
  chromosome 3 except at the end of the right
  arm. Does not reliably balance mutations in the
  vicinity of ca. MacIntyre and Wright (1966, DIS
  41: 141-42) observed about 9% double crossing over
  in the unbroken segment of the left arm from 61C to
  74 on the salivary gland chromosome map and 15%
  recombination between the breakpoint at 96A and
  ca in In(3LR)Ubx[130], Ubx[130] e/ru h th st
  cu sr e[s] Pr ca females that were also
  heterozygous for an X-chromosome inversion
  behaving like In(1)sc[8] and In(2LR)SM1;
  no recombination observed in other regions.
#
TM3
 constitution:  In(3LR)TM3, y[+] ri p[p] sep bx[34e] e[s].
 synthesis: E. B. Lewis, 55g.
 references: Mitchell, 1958, Cold Spring Harbor
  Symp. Quant. Biol. 23: 279-90.
  Lewis, 1960, DIS 34: 51.
  Tinderholt, 1960, DIS 34: 53-54.
 properties: Stocks exist in which Ser or Sb and Ser
  are present. With normal X and 2, all of
  chromosome 3 is effectively balanced; however,
  in the presence of FM6 and SM5, crossing
  over between y[+] and ri (i.e., in 61A2-65E)
  is appreciable. Double crossovers that separate
  Sb or Ser from inversion complex are rare, even
  in presence of FM6 and SM5.
#
TM6
 constitution:  In(3LR)TM6, ss[-] bx[34e] e; also exists with
  Ubx[67b].
 synthesis: E. B. Lewis and F. Bacher, 66i.
 properties: Should effectively balance entire third chromosome
  but has not been tested. Has unbroken regions with
  genetic lengths of approximately 10, 15, 20, and 30
  units.
#
winscy
 constitution:  In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+dl-49, y sc[S1] sc[8] w.
 synthesis: Muller.
 properties: Male and homozygous female viable and fertile.
  Suppresses crossing over in X chromosome.
##
  SPECIAL CHROMOSOMES - COMPOUND
##
  COMPOUND CHROMOSOMES
##
  Compound chromosomes are monocentric elements in
  which the material from one chromosome arm is
  represented twice; they contain the entire diploid
  complement for the arm involved. They are designated
  by the symbol C followed parenthetically by the
  designation of the involved arm. Gametes of
  compound-bearing flies generally carry two or no
  doses of the chromosome arm. Compound-X
  chromosomes [C(1)'s] exist only in females
  which, unless special steps are taken, carry a Y
  chromosome. Such C(1)/Y females produce
  patroclinous sons that inherit an X from
  their father and a Y from their mother and also
  produce matroclinous daughters that inherit two
  X's from their mother and a Y from their
  father (so-called non-crisscross inheritance).
  Compound, autosome-bearing flies usually produce no
  viable progeny unless crossed to flies carrying
  compounds for the same arm or arms.
  Some compounds have arisen repeatedly from certain
  genotypes; they were studied collectively but not as
  individual occurrences. In other cases, similar
  compounds of independent origin were studied
  individually. Both general classes of compounds and
  compounds of unique origin are listed.
  The two chromosome arms comprising a compound may
  join (1) by attachement of the base of one to the
  terminus of the other to form an acrocentric
  chromosome or (2) by attachment of both proximally
  to a single centromere to form a metacentric; the
  ends of either an acrocentric or a metacentric may
  join to form a compound ring. In addition, the
  component arms may be in the same sequence or one
  may be entirely inverted with respect to the other.
  Thus, the elements of a compound may pair as a
  spiral (the tandem configuration) or as a hairpin
  (the reversed configuration). Simple compounds may
  therefore be classified according to the conventions
  of Novitski (1954, Genetics 39: 127-40) as reversed
  acrocentrics, tandem metacentrics, and tandem rings;
  where applicable, this classification was retained
  and is used in the designation of compounds.
  When the component arms differ in sequence by
  something other than whole-arm inversion, the
  classification tandem or reversed becomes ambiguous.
  Furthermore, when the component arms are separable
  from each other by a single break, the terms
  acrocentric and metacentric are descriptive; however,
  when elements of the two arms become interspersed
  (as for example by interarm rearrangements), these
  terms lose meaning. Consequently, the more-complex
  compounds are given arbitrary symbols.
  The chromosomal constitution of compounds in which
  the chromosome arms remain intact is
  designated: metacentrics, by the sequences of the component arms
  separated by a centerpoint (which represents the
  centromere); acrocentrics, by the sequence of the
  distal arm separated by an em dash from the sequence
  of the proximal arm followed by a centerpoint; rings
  (which are derived from acrocentrics or metacentrics)
  by origin. In heterozygotes, the gene content of
  the component arms is listed according to the same
  conventions, with the genes on the first arm listed
  in the chromosomal designation followed by those on
  the second arm. In homozygotes, the genes are
  listed in chromosome map order. Complete
  designation of a compound includes its symbol, its
  chromosomal constitution, and the gene content of
  its component arms; e.g., C(1)TM2, + .In(1)sc[4L]EN[R], y cv v
  sd.y sn g. It should be
  emphasized that the heterozygous gene content of
  compounds is often highly unstable owing to
  homozygosis and changes in coupling relations
  resulting from exchange.
  In compounds in which elements of the component arms
  have become interspersed, it is usually not feasible
  to designate the chromosomal constitution in terms
  of the component arms; rather, it is described in
  terms of the order of chromosome segments as seen in
  salivary-gland chromosomes. In heterozygotes, the
  gene content is listed in such a way as to indicate
  which genes were originally in the different
  component arms.
#
#
  .=: see C(1)RM
#
  :=: see C(1)DX
#
  2L2L: see C(2L)RM
#
  2R2R: see C(2R)RM
#
  3L3L: see C(3L)RM
#
  3R3R: see C(3R)RM
#
C(1)94-2A
 constitution:  Homozygous for y; originally heterozygous for
  cv, sn, v, g, and sd. Ring shaped in mitotic
  metaphase. Salivary chromosome analysis shows order
  to be |1A - 5E|1F - 1A.20 - 5E|1F - 20|.
 origin:Spontaneous (although possibly X ray induced
  premeiotically) derivative of C(1)TR94-2.
  Apparently arose through an asymmetrical or reversed
  exchange between the 1F region near the centromere
  and the 5E region near the interstitial
  heterochromatin of C(1)TR94-2.
 synthesis: Rosenfeld, 1964.
 properties: Crossing over in region 1F-6A produces a single ring
  carrying In(1)94-2A = In(1)1F-2A;5E-6A.
  Reversibly convertible to other double-ring
  configurations by other types of exchange (e.g.,
  Novitski and Braver, 1954, Genetics 39: 197-209).
#
C(1)A: Compound (1) of Armentrout
 constitution:  Homozygous for y and probably originally
  heterozygous for cv, sn, v, g, and sd. Ring
  shaped in mitotic metaphase. Salivary chromosome
  analysis shows order to be |1A - 6F2|6F2 - 1A|20 - 7A1|7A1 -
  20.|.
 origin:Spontaneous stable derivative of C(1)TR94, which
  was originally y cv v sd.y sn
  g. Apparently arose by a process describable as
  reversed crossing over in region 6F2-7A1.
 synthesis: Armentrout, 1964.
 properties: An apparently completely stable, compound-ring-X
  chromosome; cannot produce single-X chromosome
  derivative by heterochromatic exchange. Should be
  the best of all compound-X chromosomes for stock
  purposes.
#
C(1)DX: Compound (1) Double X
 constitution:  C(1)DX, In(1)dl-49 - In(1)sc[8.],
  y f - y[-] sc[8] f..
 origin:X ray induced in In(1)dl-49, y w f/In(1) sc[8]
  sc[8] B female [stated by Muller to have been
  In(1)dl-49/In(1)sc[8L]y[3PR], but the derivative
  does not carry y[3P]]. Was originally y w f
  - y[-]
  sc[8] B., but by
  double exchange f became homozygous and B was lost.
 synthesis: Muller.
 synonym:The symbol :=.
 references: 1943, DIS 17: 61-62.
  Valencia, Muller, and Valencia, 1949, DIS 23: 99-102.
 properties: A reversed acrocentric heterozygous for
  In(1)dl-49; it is useful in balancing
  because it is very stable, which is probably
  due to little interstitial heterochromatin.
  y w f detachments
  very rarely produced. Also produces a low incidence
  of homozygosis for w. C(1)DX/0 lethal;
  probably deficient for bb.
#
C(1)M2: Compound (1) Multiple
 constitution:  C(1)M2, In(1)sc[7]+AM -
  In(1)FM4., sc[7] - y[-]
  sc[8] dm B..
 origin:X-ray-induced exchange between the proximal
  heterochromatin of In(1)sc[7]+AM and the distal
  heterochromatin of In(1)FM4.
 synthesis: Lewis, 54h.
 synonym:FMA2: First Multiple Attached.
 references: 1958, DIS 32: 81.
#
C(1)M3
 constitution:  C(1)M3, In(1)AM - In(1)FM4.,y[2]
  - y[-] sc[8] dm B..
 origin:Recombinant between In(1)sc[7]+AM element of
  C(1)M2 and In(1)AM, y[2] in triploid.
 synthesis: E. B. Lewis, 55b.
 synonym:FMA3.
 references: 1958, DIS 32: 81-82.
 properties: Detachment rare; useful in balancing.
#
C(1)NB: Compound (1) of Novitski and Braver
 constitution:  C(1)NB,
  In(1)dl-49.In(1)sc[4L]EN[R];
  originally y v f car.y mi;
  In(1)dl-49 and In(1)EN attached proximally to
  a single centromere.
 origin:Crossover between the heterochromatic short arm of
  In(1)EN and the proximal heterochromatin of
  In(1)dl-49.
 synonym:Novitski and Braver.
 references: 1954, Genetics 39: 197-209 (fig.).
 properties: Essentially a tandem metacentric heterozygous for
  In(1)dl-49. Can exist in a number of different
  configurations interconvertible by crossing over.
  Generates single rings at different frequencies,
  depending on configuration of the compound.
#
C(1)RA: Compound (1) Reversed Acrocentric
 constitution:  C(1)RA, + - In(1)sc[8.].
 origin:Spontaneous from
  X.Y[L]/In(1)sc[8] either by
  exchange between the proximal heterochromatin of
  X.Y[L] and the distal
  heterochromatin of In(1)sc[8] or, more likely,
  by sister-strand union in one of the heterochromatic
  segments followed by a normal euchromatic exchange.
  A frequently recurring event that seems to require
  the presence of Y[L].
 synthesis: Novitski.
 synonym:RA.
 references: Novitski, 1954, Genetics 39: 127-40.
  Sandler, 1954, Genetics 39: 923-42.
  1958, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 23: 211-23.
 properties: Yields frequent detachments resulting from exchange
  between the Y chromosome and the interstitial
  heterochromatin of the reversed acrocentric. Tetrad
  distribution usually quite abnormal; one-exchange
  tetrads infrequent and no- and two-exchange tetrads
  frequent. Exchange frequency increased by addition
  of Y or y[+]Y[L], but tetrad distribution
  remains abnormal (Sandler, 1954). Y[L] appended
  as a second arm to C(1)RA normalizes tetrad
  distribution (Sandler, 1958).
#
C(1)RA60g
 constitution:  C(1)RA60g, + - In(1)sc[8].
 origin:A spontaneous exchange between distally-located
  heterochromatin of In(1)sc[8] and proximally-located
  heterochromatin of a normal X. Occurred in a
  triploid female.
 synthesis: Mohler, 60g.
 references: 1960, DIS 34: 52.
 other information: The reciprocal exchange product, Dp(1;f)60g,
  recovered from same fly.
#
C(1)RM: Compound (1) Reversed Metacentric
 constitution:  C(1)RM, +.+; two X
  chromosomes in normal sequence attached proximally
  to the same centromere; exists with many
  combinations of markers.
 origin:Spontaneous. Recurs regularly by exchange between
  heterochromatin of the short arm of one X,
  X.Y[S], or X.Y[L]
  and that of the base of
  the long arm of a sister or homolog.
 synthesis: L. V. Morgan, 21b12.
 synonym:Attached-X; also the symbol .=.
 references: 1922, Biol. Bull. 42: 267-74.
  1938, Am. Naturalist 72: 434-46.
 properties: Recombination with the Y chromosome leads to
  detachments with a frequency of about 10[-3] in
  C(1)RM/Y females. Has been extensively used in
  studies of crossing over (e.g., Anderson, 1925,
  Genetics 10: 403-17; Beadle and Emerson, 1935,
  Genetics 20: 192-206; Welshons, 1955, Genetics 40: 918-36).
#
C(1)RR1: Compound (1) Reversed Ring
 constitution:  C(1)RR1, + - In(1)EN, y[-]
  sc[-] -
  y; two X chromosomes attached by their
  normally distal ends to a common centromere and by
  their normally proximal ends to each other. Marked
  with y.
 origin:Spontaneous derivative of C(1)TR1.
 synthesis: Zimmering.
 synonym:RR.
 references: Novitski, 1954, Genetics 39: 127-40.
#
C(1)RR2
 constitution:  C(1)RR2,
  In(1)sc[8].In(1)sc[S1L]EN[R];
  originally y[-] cv v
  f.y m car. In(1)sc[8]
  and In((1)sc[S1L]EN[R] attached proximally to a
  single centromere and distally at their distal
  heterochromatic segments.
 origin:X ray induced in an attached-X with
  In(1)sc[8] and
  In(1)sc[S1L]EN[R] attached
  proximally to a single centromere. Recovered as
  simultaneous loss of y[+] from the tip of both
  arms.
 synthesis: Sandler.
 references: 1957, Genetics 42: 764-82 (fig.).
  1958, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 23: 211-23.
 properties: Tetrad distribution abnormal; one-exchange
  tetrads are infrequent and no- and two-exchange
  tetrads are frequent. Exchange frequency
  increased by addition of Y or y[+]Y[L],
  but tetrad distribution remains abnormal.
#
C(1)RR94-2F
 constitution:  C(1)RR94-2F, +.+; two X chromosomes of
  normal sequence attached proximally to a single
  centromere and joined distally by a segment of
  heterochromatin.
 origin:X-ray-induced derivative of C(1)TR94.
 synthesis: Rosenfeld, 1964.
 references: Sandler, 1965, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monograph
  No. 18: 243-72.
 properties: Tetrad distribution more nearly normal than in
  C(1)RR2.
#
C(1)SB: Compound (1) of Sturtevant and Beadle
 constitution:  C(1)SB, +.In(1)y[4]; In(1)y[4] and a normal
  sequence attached proximally to a single centromere.
 origin:Recombinant between the uninverted portion of
  In(1)y[4] and C(1)RM in a triploid.
 synthesis: Sturtevant and Beadle.
 references: 1936, Genetics 21: 554-604.
  Novitski and Sandler, 1956, Genetics 41: 194-206.
 properties: A reversed metacentric heterozygous for
  In(1)y[4]. Meiotic behavior similar to that of
  a tandem metacentric. Crossing over within inversion
  generates single ring, R(1)y[4].
#
C(1)TA1: Compound (1) Tandem Acrocentric
 constitution:  C(1)TA1, In(1)sc[4] -
  In(1)EN.Y[L], y sc[4]
  - y..
 origin:X-ray-induced exchange between the proximal
  heterochromatin of In(1)sc[4] and Y[S] of
  Y[S]X.Y[L].
 synthesis: Novitski.
 synonym:TA.
 references: 1954, Genetics 39: 127-40.
 properties: Produces a single, centric, rod-X chromosome and
  either an acentric, ring-X or a tandem, triple-X
  chromosome by recombination between the proximal and
  distal X chromosomes.
#
C(1)TA2
 constitution:  C(1)TA2, + - +.; originally
  y cv f - y f..
 origin:X-ray-induced recombinant in Y[S]X., y[+]K[S] y
  cv v f/X.Y[L],
  y car.K[L] female;
  origin required triple exchange.
 synthesis: Sandler and Lindsley.
 references: 1963, Genetics 48: 1533-43 (fig.).
 properties: Generates single X chromosomes like C(1)TA1.
  Tetrad distribution about normal. C(1)TA2/0
  lethal, probably deficient for bb.
#
C(1)TM1: Compound (1) Tandem Metacentric
 constitution:  C(1)TM1, +.In(1)sc[8L]EN[R], y Hw
  f.y[+] y
  f; a normal sequence and In(1)EN attached
  proximally to a single centromere derived from
  R(1)2.
 origin:Product of one crossover between + and R(1)2 and
  one between In(1)EN and R(1)2 in a
  +/R(1)2/In(1)EN triploid.
 synthesis: Novitski, 1950.
 references: Novitski and Lindsley, 1950, DIS 24: 90-91.
 properties: Single crossover between the arms produces
  single-ring-X chromosome with the same structure
  as R(1)2 and an acentric-rod X chromosome.
  Tetrad distribution about normal (Novitski, 1951,
  Genetics 36: 267-80; Novitski and Sandler, 1956,
  Genetics 41: 194-206.
#
C(1)TM2
 constitution:  C(1)TM2, +.In(1)sc[4L]EN[R];
  originally y cv v sd.y sn g.
  The sequence in mitotic prophase
  is: the normal X euchromatin, two large
  heterochromatic segments, a small segment, the
  centromere, a small segment, the inverted X
  euchromatin.
 origin:X-ray-induced exchange between the proximal
  heterochromatin of a normal X and Y[L] of
  X.Y[L],
  In(1)sc[4L]EN[R].
 synthesis: Lindsley and Sandler, 1963.
 synonym:TMX y.
 references: 1965, Genetics 51: 223-45 (fig.).
 properties: Recombination between the arms produces a
  single-ring-X chromosome and an acentric, rod-X
  chromosome. Meiotic behavior similar to that of
  C(1)TM1; tetrad distribution about normal.
#
C(1)TMB[S]9-1 Compound (1) Tandem Metacentric with Bar-Stone
 constitution:  C(1)TMB[S]9-1,
  Dp(1;1)B[S]TAG.In(1)sc[8L]EN[R]; originally
  B[S] y cv v sd.y sn g.
  The sequence in mitotic prophase is: the
  normal X euchromatin, two
  large heterochromatic segments, a small segment, the
  centromere, a small segment, the inverted X
  euchromatin.
 origin:X-ray-induced exchange between the proximal
  heterochromatin of Dp(1;1)B[S]TAG and Y[L]
  of X.Y[L],
  In(1)sc[8L]EN[R].
 synthesis: Lindsley and Sandler, 1963.
 synonym:TMXB[S] 9-1; also designated as Dp(1;1)B[S]TRG.
 references: 1965, Genetics 51: 223-45.
 properties: Recombination between the arms produces a
  single-ring-X chromosome, R(1)9-1, and an
  acentric, rod-X chromosome. Recombination between the
  B[S] duplication and the homologous region of the
  inverted arm generates a nontransmissible tandem-ring
  chromosome. Meiotic behavior similar to that of
  C(1)TM2.
#
C(1)TMB[S]9-4
 constitution:  C(1)TMB[S]9-4,
  Dp(1;1)B[S]TAG.In(1)sc[8L]EN[R];
  originally B[S] y cv v sd.y
  sn g. The sequence in mitotic prophase is: the normal
  X euchromatin, a
  large heterochromatic segment, a small segment, the
  centromere, a small segment, the inverted X
  euchromatin.
 origin:X-ray-induced exchange between the proximal
  heterochromatin of Dp(1;1)B[S]TAG
  and Y[L] of X.Y[L],
  In(1)sc[8L]EN[R].
 synthesis: Lindsley and Sandler, 1963.
 synonym:TMXB[S]9-4; also designated as Dp(1;1)B[S]TRG.
 references: 1965, Genetics 51: 223-45 (fig.).
 properties: Recombination between arms produces single-ring-X
  chromosome, R(1)9-4, and an acentric, rod-X
  chromosome.
  Recombination between the B[S] duplication and the
  homologous region of the inverted arm produces a
  tandem-ring chromosome that may be transmissible.
#
C(1)TR1: Compound (1) Tandem Ring
 constitution:  C(1)TR1, In(1)sc[4] - In(1)EN.,
  y[-] sc[-]
  - y..
 origin:Spontaneous derivative of C(1)TA1 in which the
  Y[L] second arm had been replaced by the
  4[D]X[P] element of T(1;4)B[S] =
  T(1;4)15F9-16A1;16A7-B1;102F. A product of
  recombination between the duplicated B[S] second
  arm and the homologous region of the distal element
  of the tandem acrocentric.
 synthesis: Novitski.
 references: 1954, Genetics 39: 127-40.
 properties: Seems to be poorly transmissible (Novitski, 1954).
  Produces a centric, single-ring-X and either an
  acentric, single-ring-X or a tandem,
  triple-ring-X chromosome by recombination between
  the two elements of the compound.
#
C(1)TR94
 constitution:  C(1)TR94,
  +.In(1)sc[4L]EN[R].;
  originally y cv v sd.y sn g.
 origin:Regular but infrequent product of C(1)TMB[S]9-4.
  Formed by exchange between the duplicated B[S]
  section and the homologous region of the inverted
  arm.
 synthesis: Sandler and Lindsley.
 references: 1967, Genetics 55: 645-71.
 properties: Produces a centric, single-ring-X and either an
  acentric, single-ring-X or a tandem,
  triple-ring-X chromosome by crossing over between
  the two arms of the compound. Transmission higher
  than that of C(1)TR1. Tetrad distribution about
  normal.
#
C(1)VM: Compound (1) of Valencias and Muller
 constitution:  C(1)VM, + - In(1)sc[S1]+dl-49.;
  originally
  y ac sc pn w rb cm ct[6] sn[3] oc ras[2] v
  dy g f car - y sc[S1] lz[s] B..
 origin:X ray induced in +/In(1)sc[S1]+dl-49/Y[L]
  female, either by exchange between the proximal
  heterochromatin of the normal sequence and the distal
  heterochromatin of In(1)sc[S1] or by
  sister-strand union in one of the heterochromatic
  elements accompanied by normal euchromatic exchange.
  A regularly induced product in such females.
 synthesis: Valencia, Muller, and Valencia.
 references: 1949, DIS 23: 99-102.
 properties: Essentially a reversed acrocentric in which the
  proximal element contains In(1)dl-49.
  Detachment by crossing over with a Y chromosome
  relatively frequent.
#
C(2L)RM: Compound (2L) Reversed Metacentric
 constitution:  2L.2L; exists with various marker
  combinations. Two left arms of chromosome 2
  attached proximally to a single centromere.
 origin:X ray induced.
 synthesis: Rasmussen, 60c.
 synonym:2L: Attached 2L.
 references: 1960, DIS 34: 53.
 properties: Produces viable progeny only in crosses in which
  both parents carry C(2L)RM. Usually carried in
  stock of constitution C(2L)RM; C(2R)RM. Such
  males may produce viable progeny in crosses to
  triploid females and to irradiated females in which
  new attachments are produced.
#
C(2R)RM
 constitution:  2R.2R; exists with various
  marker combinations.
  Two right arms of chromosome 2 attached
  proximally to a single centromere.
 origin:X ray induced.
 synthesis: Rasmussen, 59k.
 synonym:2R: Attached 2R.
 references: 1960, DIS 34: 53.
 properties: Similar to C(2L)RM.
#
C(3L)RM
 constitution:  3L.3L; exists with various marker
  combinations. Two left arms of chromosome 3
  attached proximally to a single centromere.
 origin:X ray induced.
 synthesis: Rasmussen, 59f.
 synonym:3L: Attached 3L.
 references: 1960, DIS 34: 53.
 properties: Produces viable progeny only in crosses in which both
  parents carry C(3L)RM. Usually carried as
  C(3L)RM; C(3R)RM. Such males may produce viable
  progeny in crosses to triploid in which new
  attachments are produced.
#
C(3R)RM
 constitution:  3R.3R; exists with various marker
  combinations. Two right arms of chromosome 3
  attached proximally to a single centromere.
 origin:X ray induced.
 synthesis: Orias and Deal, 58l.
 synonym:3R: Attached 3R.
 references: Rasmussen, 1960, DIS 34: 53.
 properties: Similar to C(3L)RM.
#
C(4)RM
 constitution:  4.4; exists with various marker combinations.
  Two right arms of chromosome 4 attached
  proximally to a single centromere.
 origin:X ray induced.
 synonym:E. B. Lewis.
 properties: Produces haplo-4 and triplo-4 progeny in
  crosses to normal diplo-4 flies.
##
  SPECIAL CHROMOSOMES - MULTIPLY MARKED
##
  MULTIPLY MARKED CHROMOSOMES
##
2-ple
 constitution:  dp b pr c px sp.
 synthesis: Muller.
 references: 1925, Genetics 10: 470-507.
#
3-ple
 constitution:  ru h st p[p] ss e[s].
 synthesis: Bridges, 1920.
 references: 1927, J. Gen. Physiol. 8: 689-700.
#
5-ple
 constitution:  b pr vg a sp.
 synthesis: Muller, 1914.
#
12-ple
 constitution:  al dp b pr cn vg c a px bw mi sp.
 synthesis: Muller.
 synonym:twelve-pl.
#
albasp
 constitution:  al b pr cn vg a sp[2].
 synthesis: Bridges, 1926.
#
all
 constitution:  al dp b pr c px sp.
 synthesis: Bridges, 1926.
 synonym:apl.
#
all-Bl
 constitution:  al dp b pr Bl c px sp.
#
bleached
 constitution:  pn w rb cm ct[6] sn[3] ras[2] v dy g[2] f car.
 synthesis: Muller.
#
Brispl
 constitution:  al dp b Bl c px sp.
 synthesis: Muller.
#
hes
 constitution:  h th st p[p] cu sr e[s].
 synthesis: Bridges, 1923.
#
maple
 constitution:  y ac sc pn w rb cm ct[6] ras[2] v g[2] f car.
 synthesis: Muller.
#
peple
 constitution:  p[p] ss k e[s] ro.
 synthesis: Muller, 1914.
#
ploc
 constitution:  y ac sc pn w rb cm ct[6] sn[3] oc ras[2] v dy g f
  car.
 synthesis: Muller.
 references: Valencia, Muller, and Valencia, 1949, DIS 23: 99-102.
 properties: Used for specific-locus mutation studies.
#
res
 constitution:  ru h th st p[p] cu sr e[s].
 synthesis: Bridges, 1925.
 synonym:rupes.
#
rucuca
 constitution:  ru h th st cu sr e[s] ca.
 synthesis: Bridges, 1926.
#
ruPrica
 constitution:  ru h th st cu sr e[s] Pr ca.
#
sc-tester
 constitution:  sc ec ct[6] t[2] v g[3] sl.
 synthesis: L. V. Morgan.
#
seple
 constitution:  se ss k e[s] ro.
 synthesis: Muller, 1914.
#
tester 1
 constitution:  y ac pn w rb wy[2] g[2].
 synthesis: Muller.
#
tester 2
 constitution:  y[2] w[a] cm wy[2] g[2] car.
 synthesis: Muller.
#
tester 3
 constitution:  y rb cm ras[2] g[2].
 synthesis: Muller.
#
theca
 constitution:  th cu sr e[s] ro ca.
 synthesis: Bridges, 1925.
#
thes
 constitution:  th st p[p] cu sr e[s].
 synthesis: Bridges, 1924.
#
thrike
 constitution:  th st cp in ri p[p] ss bxd k e[s].
#
X-6
 constitution:  sc ec ct[6] g[2] Bx[2] bb.
 synthesis: L. V. Morgan, 1928.
#
X-7
 constitution:  y ec cv ct[6] v g[2] f.
 synthesis: L. V. Morgan, 1928.
#
X-8
 constitution:  y ec cv ct[6] v g[2] f bb.
 synthesis: Bridges, 1931.
#
X-9
 constitution:  sc ec cv ct[6] v s[2] f car bb[1].
 synthesis: Bridges, 1931.
#
X-ple
 constitution:  sc ev cv ct[6] v g[2] f.
 synthesis: Bridges, 1920.
 references: Bridges and Albright, 1926, Genetics 11: 41-56.
##
  SPECIAL CHROMOSOMES - X-Y COMBINATIONS
##
  X-Y COMBINATIONS
##
  The X and one or both arms of the Y
  chromosome may be linked by recombinational events
  occurring in the heterochromatin. Such X-Y
  combinations are composed of the X, a centromere
  (derived from either X or Y), and either
  Y[L] or Y[S] or both. In the designation of
  such chromosomes, the component elements are listed
  in order such that X precedes the centromere
  (symbolized by a centerpoint), e.g.,
  Y[S]X.Y[L]. Events
  that give rise to X-Y attachments are usually recurring so
  that the same combinations arise repeatedly;
  however, since the exact points of exchange differ,
  independent occurrence of similar combinations
  certainly differ from one another in heterochromatic
  content. Because similar X-Y combinations of
  independent origin are not ordinarily designated,
  studied, or maintained as different chromosomes and
  because for most purposes, it is not important that
  they be distinguished, general categories of X-Y
  combinations are largely described in the ensuing
  section. Where a specific combination has been
  studied, it is listed with the designation of its
  component elements followed immediately by its
  specific designation, e.g.,
  X.Y[L]C2.
  The complete designation of an X-Y combination
  consists of the following items in the order
  given: chromosomal elements, sequence of the X
  chromosome (if other than normal), gene content.
  X-Y combinations that differ from one another
  only with respect to mutant genes or euchromatic
  inversions are not described separately because it is
  considered that such mutants and inversions can be
  removed from or inserted into the component X by
  euchromatic exchange. When X's differ by an
  inversion with at least one heterochromatic
  breakpoint, the chromosomes are described separately
  because they must differ in their heterochromatic
  constitution.
#
  FR1: see Y[S]X.
#
  Fragment 1: see Y[S]X.
#
  sc[8] c.o. X: see Y[S]X., In(1)sc[8]
#
  sc[8]EN c.o. X: see Y[S]X., In(1)EN
#
  XY': see X.Y[L]
#
X.Y[L]X.Y[L]
 origin:A recurrent product of exchange between the proximal
  heterochromatin of C(1)RM and either arm of the
  Y. Also may result from exchange between
  Y[S] and the proximal heterochromatin of a
  normal X or the interstitial heterochromatin of
  C(1)RA.
 synthesis: Stern.
 synonym:XY'.
 references: 1926, Biol. Zentr. 46: 505-8.
  1929, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre
  51: 253-353.
  Kaufmann, 1933, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 19: 830-38 (fig.).
 properties: An X chromosome in normal sequence with Y[L]
  appended as a second arm. May carry varying amounts
  of the proximal part of Y[S] between the X
  and the centromere. Males carrying
  X.Y[L] require KS in some
  form for fertility. Chromosome V shaped in
  metaphase.
#
XY[L].Y[S]XY[L].Y[S]
 constitution:  XY[L].Y[S];
  originally y[2]
  su(w[a]) w[a] (bb?) KL.KS.
 origin:X-ray-induced detachment in C(1)RM, y[2] su(w[a])
  w[a] bb/y[+]Y female.
 synthesis: Parker.
 references: Parker and McCrone, 1958, Genetics 43: 172-86.
  Lindsley and Novitski, 1959, Genetics 44: 187-96
  (fig.).
 properties: Essentially an intact Y chromosome with all of
  the X euchromatin appended distally to KL.
  Carries all the sex-chromosome material required for
  male viability and fertility.
 other information: Several detachments of this constitution recovered;
  numbered 2-10T13, 2-10T15, 108-9, 112-17, and 129-11.
#
/XY[L].Y[S]129-16XY[L].Y[S]129-16
 constitution:  XY[L].Y[S];
  originally y[2] su(w[a])
  w[a] (bb?) y[+] KL.KS.
 origin:X-ray-induced detachment in C(1)RM, y[2] su(w[a])
  w[a] bb/y[+]Y female.
 synthesis: Parker.
 references: Parker and McCrone, 1958, Genetics 43: 172-86.
 properties: Essentially an intact y[+]Y chromosome with all
  of the X euchromatin attached to Y[L] distal
  to y[+]. Interstitial position of y[+]
  shown by recovery of y[+] reattachment; also
  interstitial y[+] allele shows strong
  variegation. Carries all the sex-chromosome
  material required for male viability and fertility.
#
X.Y[L]C2X.Y[L]C2
 constitution:  X.Y[L],
  bb[-].KL.
 origin:Recombination between Y[S] proximal to bb[+]
  and C(1)RM distal to bb[+].
 synthesis: Lindsley.
 properties: Like X.Y[L] but deficient for
  bb; X.Y[L]C2/0
  lethal. Shows unique
  behavior in double, first-anaphase bridges (Novitski,
  1952, Genetics 37: 270-87).
#
.Y[L], In(1)ENX.Y[L], In(1)EN
 constitution:  X.Y[L], In(1)EN, y.KL.
 origin:Recombinant from Y[S]X.Y[L], In(1)EN/In(1)EN
  female.
 other information: An entirely inverted chromosome with Y[L]
  appended as a second arm.
  X.Y[S]X.Y[S]
 origin:Recurrent product of recombination between the
  proximal heterochromatin of C(1)RM and the Y.
 synthesis: Kaufmann.
 references: 1933, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 19: 830-38.
 properties: An X chromosome in normal sequence with Y[S]
  appended as a second arm. May carry varying amounts
  of the proximal part of Y[L] between X and
  the centromere. Males carrying X.Y[S] require
  KL in some form for fertility. Chromosome
  J shaped in metaphase.
#
XY[S].Y[L]XY[S].Y[L]
 constitution:  XY[S].Y[L];
  originally y[2] su(w[a]) w[a]
  (bb?) KS.KL y[+].
 origin:X-ray-induced detachment in C(1)RM, y[2] su(w[a])
  w[a] bb/y[+]Y female.
 synthesis: Parker.
 references: Parker and McCrone, 1958, Genetics 43: 172-86.
  Lindsley and Novitski, 1959, Genetics 44: 187-96
  (fig.).
 properties: Essentially an intact y[+]Y chromosome with all
  of the X euchromatin appended distally to KS.
  Carries all the sex-chromosome material required for
  male valibility and fertility.
 other information: Two detachments of this constitution recovered;
  numbered 110-8 and 115-9.
#
Y[S]X.Y[S]X.
 constitution:  Y[S]X.; originally KS y cv v f (Braver).
 origin:Spontaneous from Y[S]X.Y[L], In(1)EN, KS
  y.KL/sc cv v f female.
 synthesis: Novitski.
 synonym:FR1: Fragment 1.
 references: 1952, Genetics 37: 270-87.
  Lindsley and Novistki, 1959, Genetics 44: 187-96.
 properties: An X in normal sequence with Y[S] appended
  distally to L(1)J1[+] and y. Lowers crossing
  over near y.
#
Y[S]X., In(1)ENY[S]X., In(1)EN
 constitution:  Y[S]X., In(1)EN, KS y.
 origin:Infrequent product of spermatogonial exchange between
  Y[S] and the distal inverted heterochromatic
  segment of In(1)sc[8L]EN[R]. Also formed by
  recombination in Y[S]X.,
  In(1)sc[8]/In(1)EN
  females. Specific occurrence described as
  Df(1)sc[8]P7, deficiency subsection.
 synthesis: Lindsley.
 synonym:sc[8]EN c.o. X.
 references: 1955, Genetics 40: 24-44.
 properties: A completely inverted X chromosome with Y[S]
  appended distally. The distal heterochromatin
  resembles that of In(1)sc[8] in mitotic prophase
  and carries bb[+].
#
Y[S]X., In(1)sc[8]Y[S]X., In(1)sc[8]
 constitution:  Y[S]X., In(1)sc[8],
  KS l(1)J1[-] y[-]
  ac[-] sc[8].
 origin:Infrequent product of spermatogonial exchange
  between Y[S] and the distal inverted
  heterochromatic segment of In(1)sc[8]. Also
  formed by recombination in Y[S]X.,
  In(1)EN/In(1)sc[8] females. Specific occurrence
  described as Df(1)sc[8]89a, deficiency
  subsection.
 synthesis: Sidorov.
 synonym:sc[8] c.o. X.
 references: 1940, Bull. Biol. Moe(aad. exp. URSS 9: 10-12.
  1941, Dolk. Acad. Nauk SSSR 30: 248-49.
  Lindsley, 1955, Genetics 40: 24-44.
 properties: In(1)sc[8] with the distal uninverted
  euchromatic region carrying the normal alleles of
  l(1)J1, y, and ac replaced by KS.
  Chromosome resembles In(1)sc[8] in mitotic
  prophase.
#
Y[S]X.Y[L]Y[S]X.Y[L]
 constitution:  Y[S]X.Y[L], KS y.KL.
 origin:Recombination between Y[S]X. and X.Y[L].
 synthesis: Lindsley and Novitski.
 references: 1959, Genetics 44: 187-96.
 properties: Contains all of the sex-chromosome material required
  for male viability and fertility. Commonly kept in
  stock as Y[S]X.Y[L]/0
  males crossed to C(1)/0 females.
#
Y[S]X.Y[L], In(1)ENY[S]X.Y[L], In(1)EN
 constitution:  Y[S]X.Y[L], In(1)EN, KS y.KL y[+].
 origin:Recovered as recombinant between the proximal
  heterochromatin of Y[S]X., In(1)EN and
  y[+]Y.
 synthesis: Lindsley, 1949.
 references: Lindsley and Novitski, 1960, DIS 24: 84-85.
  1959, Genetics 44: 187-96 (fig.).
 properties: Contains all of the sex-chromosome material required
  for male viability and fertility. Exists without
  the y[+] marker at the terminus of the Y[L]
  arm; also exists with various combinations of
  sex-linked markers.
##
  SPECIAL CHROMOSOMES - Y DERIVATIVES
##
  Y DERIVATIVES
##
  The Y chromosome consists of a long arm
  (Y[L]) and a short arm (Y[S]); the
  long arm is arbitrarily taken as the left arm. There are two
  general categories of special Y chromosomes: Y
  fragments and marked-Y chromosomes; in
  addition, there are marked-Y fragments. Y
  fragments are symbolized either Y[L] or Y[S]
  plus necessary distinguishing notation, e.g.,
  Y[S]8. The Y chromosome may be marked by
  mutating the genetically-demonstrable elements of
  the Y or by translocating normal or mutant
  alleles from other parts of the complement to the
  Y chromosome. Marked-Y chromosomes are symbolized by
  combining, without intervening punctuation, the
  symbol for the normal or mutant gene of primary
  marker intent with the symbol Y. If the marker
  is in the long arm, its symbol precedes Y (e.g.,
  y[+]Y); if it is in the short arm, its
  symbol follows Y (e.g., Ybb). Symbols for
  marked fragments combine the symbol for the
  appropriate Y arm with that for the marker gene,
  listed in order. These notations are separated by a
  centerpoint when the centromere lies between them
  (e.g., Y[L].sc[S1]);
  otherwise they are not
  separated by punctuation (e.g., y[+]Y[L]).
  The long arm of the Y carries a complex of male
  fertility factors, KL, and the short arm carries
  a normal allele of bb proximally and a complex
  of male fertility factors, KS, distally. The
  genetic constitution of the Y chromosome may be
  designated by listing the above components and the
  centromere in order from left to right,
  KL.bb[+]KS.
  The constitution of a Y
  fragment is described in a similar manner. The
  genetic constitution of a marker segment is
  designated by listing the symbols of the most widely
  separated loci known to be included in it separated
  by an em dash, e.g., bw[+] - ba[+].
  The constitution of a marked-Y or Y fragment
  may be designated by listing its genetic elements in
  order with any ambiguities in order enclosed within
  parentheses, e.g., KL(bw[+] -
  ba[+]).bb[+]KS. When there is a hierarchy of
  ambiguities in order, a hierarchy of
  parentheses is used, as in ((ci[+] -
  spa[+])KL).bb[+]KS.
#
4Y
 constitution:  ((ci[+] - spa[+])KL).bb[+]KS;
  tentative.
 origin:X ray induced.
 synthesis: Edmondson, 1946.
 synonym:Tp4.Y: Transposition 4.Y.
 references: Muller and Edmondson, 1957, DIS 31: 140-41.
 properties: Contains all known loci of chromosome 4 linked
  to the Y chromosome. Results from recombination
  between 4Y and Y[S]X.Y[L] suggest that
  4 is inserted into or appended to Y[L]. Two
  doses of this chromosome in the absence of any other
  Y- or 4-derived material produce viable
  and fertile flies of both sexes.
#
B[S]w[+]y[+]Y
 constitution:  B[S] pdf[+] su(f)[+] kz[+]
  - spl[+] y[+]
  ac[+] KL.bb[+]
  KS; inferred from origin.
 origin:X-ray-induced deletion of majority of euchromatin
  (dm[+] through mal[+]) from the
  recombinant composed of left end of Y[D]X[P]
  element of T(1;Y)148 = T(1;Y)2D;Y[L], which
  involves B[S]Y, and right end of
  XY[L].Y[S]129-16,
  which carries y[+] from
  y[+]Y between X and Y[L].
 synthesis: Nicoletti.
 references: Brosseau, Nicoletti, Grell, and Lindsley, 1961,
  Genetics 46: 339-46.
 properties: Meiotic behavior and viability apparently normal.
  Produces Co effect; covers N. Has, in
  addition, combined marker characteristics of
  B[S]Y and y[+]Y.
#
B[S]w[+]Y
 constitution:  B[S] pdf[+] su(f)[+] kz[+] - dm[+] KL.bb[+]
  KS; inferred from origin.
 origin:X-ray-induced deletion of majority of euchromatin
  (rb[+] through mal[+]) from a
  recombinant carrying left end of Y[D]X[P]
  element of T(1;Y)148 = T(1;Y)2D;Y[L], which
  involves B[S]Y, and right end of
  XY[L].Y[S].
 synthesis: Nicoletti.
 references: Brosseau, Nicoletti, Grell, and Lindsley, 1961,
  Genetics 46: 339-46.
 properties: Produces Co phenotype in X/B[S]w[+]Y male
  and X/X/B[S]w[+]Y female. Covers many N
  deficiencies. B phenotype as in B[S]Y.
#
B[S]y[+]Y
 constitution:  B[S] pdf[+] su(f)[+] y[+]
  ac[+] KL.bb[+] KS;
  inferred from origin.
 origin:X-ray-induced deletion of the euchromatin (kz[+]
  through mal[+]) from a recombinant carrying
  left end of Y[D]X[P] element of T(1;Y)148 =
  T(1;Y)2D;Y[L], which involves B[S]Y, and right
  end of
  XY[L].Y[S]129-16,
  which carries y[+] from y[+]Y
  between X and Y[L].
 synthesis: Nicoletti.
 references: Brosseau, Nicoletti, Grell, and Lindsley, 1961,
  Genetics 46: 339-46.
#
B[S]Y
 constitution:  B[S] pdf[+] su(f)[+]
  KL.bb[+] KS.
 origin:X-ray-induced deletion of majority of euchromatin
  (including mal[+]) from a recombinant carrying
  left end of 4[D]X[P] element of
  T(1;4)B[S] =
  T(1;4)15F9-16A1;16A7-B1;102F and right end of
  XY[L].Y[S].
 synthesis: Brosseau.
 synonym:YB[S].
 references: Brosseau and Lindsley, 1958, DIS 32: 116.
  Brosseau, Nicoletti, Grell, and Lindsley, 1961,
  Genetics 46: 339-46.
 properties: Causes extreme B phenotype; presence readily
  scorable in +/+, B/+, and + but not in
  B/B or B. Shown to carry pdf[+] (Grell)
  and su(f)[+] in B[S]Yy[+] (Zimmering,
  1959, DIS 33: 175-76). Does not cover spa[pol].
  Viability and fertility of X/B[S]Y,
  X/B[S]Y/B[S]Y, and X/X/B[S]Y good.
  Three euchromatic bands visible in salivary chromosomes
  (Nicoletti and Lindsley, 1960, Genetics
  45: 1705-22).
#
B[S]Yy[+]
 constitution:  B[S] pdf[+]
  su(f)[+] KL.bb[+] KS
  ac[+] - l(1)J1[+].
 origin:Recombination between B[S]Y and
  bw[+]Yy[+].
 synthesis: Brosseau.
 references: 1958, DIS 32: 115-116.
  Brosseau, Nicoletti, Grell, and Lindsley, 1961,
  Genetics 46: 339-46.
#
B[S]Yy[31d]
 constitution:  B[S] pdf[+] su(f)[+]
  KL.bb[+] KS ac[+] y[31d]
  l(1)J1[+]; inferred from origin.
 origin:X-ray-induced recombinant between B[S]Yy[+] and
  In(1)sc[8], y[31d] sc[8] in a female.
 references: Brosseau, Nicoletti, Grell, and Lindsley, 1961,
  Genetics 46: 339-46.
#
bw[+]Y
 constitution:  KL (bw[+] - ba[+]).bb[+] KS.
 origin:Aneuploid segregant from T(Y;2)bw[+]Y =
  T(Y;2)Y[L];58F1-59A2;60E3-F1 (Gersh, 1956, DIS
  30: 115; Nicoletti).
 synthesis: Dempster.
 synonym:Y:bw[+].
 references: Muller, 1942, DIS 16: 64.
  1951, DIS 25: 119.
  1955, DIS 29: 146.
 properties: A section of 2R carrying bw[+] inserted into
  Y[L] proximal to KL (Baker, 1955, DIS
  29: 101-3). Inserted segment known to carry normal
  alleles of bw, mr, or, Fo, Pin, bs, and ba
  but not px, hv, crs, M(2)l, or M(2)c. Male
  with two bw[+]Y chromosomes lethal.
#
bw[+]Yy[+]
 constitution:  KL (bw[+] -
  ba[+]).bb[+] KS ac[+] -
  l(1)J1[+] (Baker, 1955, DIS 29: 101-3).
 origin:Recombination between Y[S] of bw[+]Y distal
  to KS and Y[L] of y[+]Y in
  C(1)RM/y[+]Y/bw[+]Y female.
 synthesis: Cooper.
 synonym:sc[8].Y:bw[+].
 references: 1952, DIS 26: 97.
#
l(1)J1[+]Y
 constitution:  l(1)J1[+]KL.bb[+] KS.
 origin:Neutron-induced derivative of y[+]Y.
 synthesis: Muller.
 references: 1954, DIS 28: 140-43.
 properties: Like y[+]Y except that y[+] and
  ac[+],
  but not l(1)J1[+], deleted.
#
R(Y)bw[+]
 constitution:  KL (bw[+] -
  ba[+]).bb[+] KS; closed to
  form a ring.
 origin:X-ray-induced derivative of bw[+]Yy[+].
 synthesis: Oster and Iyengar.
 synonym:Y[c]bw[+]; MYR: Marked Y Ring.
 references: 1955, DIS 29: 159.
 properties: Ring shaped in mitotic metaphase. Lacks y[+]
  present in the treated chromosome. Introduction of
  R(Y)bw[+] via male into certain strains results
  in death of nearly all male progeny during early
  embryogenesis. About 10% of strains are subject to
  such killing of male offspring. Introduction of
  R(Y)bw[+] via female does not result in death of
  the sons (Oster, 1964, Genetics 50: 274).
#
R(Y)L
 constitution:  KL.; closed to form a ring.
 origin:Spontaneous derivative of y[+]Y.
 synthesis: Muller.
 synonym:Y[cl]; Y[Lc].
 references: 1948, DIS 22: 73-74.
 properties: Ring shaped in mitotic metaphase and about same
  length as the X chromosome (Hannah). Carries all
  of KL. bb/R(Y)L is bobbed and bb[1]/R(Y)L
  dies; therefore, R(Y)L lacks bb locus.
#
R(Y)L14
 constitution:  KL.; closed to form a ring.
 origin:X-ray-induced derivative of bw[+]Yy[+].
 synthesis: W. K. Baker.
 synonym:Y[cL]-14.
 references: Baker and Spofford, 1959, Univ. Texas
  Publ. 5914: 135-54 (fig.).
 properties: Ring shaped in mitotic metaphase. Lacks y[+],
  bw[+], bb[+], and KS present in treated
  chromosome.
#
R(Y)L15
 constitution:  KL.; closed to form a ring.
 origin:Spontaneous derivative of bw[+]Yy[+].
 synthesis: W. K. Baker.
 synonym:Y[cL]-15.
 references: Baker and Spofford, 1959, Univ. Texas
  Publ. 5914: 135-54 (fig.).
 properties: Ring shaped in mitotic metaphase. Lacks y[+],
  bw[+], bb[+], and KS present in original
  chromosome.
#
R(Y)Lbb[+]
 constitution:  KL.bb[+]; closed to form a ring.
 origin:X-ray-induced dervative of bw[+]Yy[+].
 synthesis: W. K. Baker
 synonym:Y[cL]:bb[+].
 references: Baker and Spofford, 1959, Univ. Texas
  Publ. 5914: 135-54 (fig.).
 properties: A medium-sized ring in mitotic metaphase. Lacks
  y[+], bw[+], and KS present in treated
  chromosome.
#
R(Y)Sbw[+]
 constitution:  (bw[+] - ba[+]).bb[+] KS; closed to form
  a ring. Order of elements inferred from origin.
 origin:X-ray-induced derivative of bw[+]Yy[+].
 synthesis: W. K. Baker.
 synonym:Y[cS]:bw[+]bb[+].
 references: Baker and Spofford, 1959, Univ. Texas
  Publ. 5914: 135-54 (fig.).
 properties: Ring shaped in mitotic metaphase. Lacks y[+]
  and KL from treated chromosome. Shows some
  somatic and germinal instability.
  sc.Y[L]: see Y[L].sc[S1]
#
  sc[8]ENc.o. Y B-2: see Y[L].y[+]B2
#
  sc[8]ENc.o. Y T-0: see Y[L].y[+]T0
#
  sc[8].Y: see y[+]Y
#
  sc[8].Y:bw[+]: see bw[+]Yy[+]
#
  sc[8V].Y: see y[v56]Y
#
  sc[S1]c.o. Y EY80: see Y[L].sc[S1]3
#
sc[V1].Y[S]
 constitution:  l(1)J1[+] -
  sc[V1].bb[+] KS; tentative.
 origin:Spontaneous recombinant from In(1LR)sc[V1]/Y
  male.
 synthesis: Muller.
 references: 1948, DIS 22: 73-74.
 properties: Small, two-armed chromosome in mitotic metaphase.
  Survives in combination with C(1)DX and
  therefore probably carries bb[+] and
  the nucleolus organizer.
#
  Tp4.Y: see 4Y
#
  Transposition 4.Y: see 4Y
#
w[+]y[+]Y
 constitution:  kz[+] - spl[+] y[+] ac[+] KL.bb[+] KS;
  inferred from origin and supposed constitution of
  B[S]w[+]y[+]Y.
 origin:X-ray-induced derivative of B[S]w[+]y[+]Y.
 synthesis: Nicoletti.
 references: Brosseau, Nicoletti, Grell, and Lindsley, 1961,
  Genetics 46: 339-46.
 properties: Like B[S]w[+]y[+]Y but
  with su(f)[+] and B[S] missing.
#
w[+]Y
 constitution:  kz[+] - spl[+] KL.bb[+] KS;
  inferred from origin. Also associated with
  T(Y;2)w[+]Y = T(Y;2)Y[L];22D (Schultz) in which
  the break in Y[L] is distal to the kz[+] -
  spl insertion.
 origin:Spontaneous in C(1)RAY[L]/w[+]y[+]Y female.
  Seems likely that the w[+]y[+]Y, which was an
  X-ray-induced derivative of B[S]w[+]y[+]Y, was
  different from the one described here and was already
  translocated with chromosome 2.
 synthesis: Nicoletti.
 references: Brosseau, Nicoletti, Grell, and Lindsley, 1961,
  Genetics 46: 339-46.
 properties: Produces Co effect; covers N.
#
y[+]msY
 constitution:  l(1)J1[+] - ac[+] ms(Y)L.bb[+]
  KS.
 origin:X-ray-induced derivative of y[+]Y.
 synthesis: Brosseau.
 references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74.
 properties: A series of y[+]Y chromosomes that carry a
  male-sterilizing mutant in KL, e.g.,
  Y[+]ms1Y carries ms(Y)L1. Brosseau (1960)
  described a number of complementing male-sterilizing
  mutations in Y[L].
#
y[+]Y
 constitution:  l(1)J1[+] - ac[+] KL.bb[+]
  KS.
 origin:X ray induced in spermatogonial cell of
  In(1)sc[8]/Y male.
 synthesis: Muller.
 synonym:sc[8].Y.
 references: 1948, DIS 22: 73-74.
 properties: Tip of In(1)sc[8] including l(1)J1[+],
  y[+],
  and ac[+], but not sc, transferred to tip of
  Y[L] distal to KL. Since Y[L]
  appears to be as long as X in metaphase (Hannah),
  some heterochromatin derived from In(1)sc[8] must
  be carried distally on Y[L]. Detachment studies
  show that bb[+] from In(1)sc[8] has not been
  transferred to Y[L] (Parker). Has dominant
  Hw effect that produces one or more humeral
  hairs in X/y[+]Y male and X/X/y[+]Y
  female and one or more hairs in second and third posterior cells
  of wing of X/y[+]Y/y[+]Y male (Schultz).
#
y[+]Yms
 constitution:  l(1)J1[+] -
  ac[+] KL.bb[+] ms(Y)S.
 origin:X-ray-induced derivative of y[+]Y.
 synthesis: Brosseau.
 references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74.
 properties: A series of y[+]Y chromosomes that carry a
  male-sterilizing mutant in KS, e.g.,
  y[+]Yms2 carries ms(Y)S2. Complementing
  male-sterilizing mutations in Y[S] have been
  described by Brosseau (1960).
#
y[+]Y[L]
 constitution:  l(1)J1[+] - ac[+] KL.bb[+].
 origin:Spontaneous product from sc cv v f/Y[S]X.Y[L],
  In(1)EN, KS y.KL y[+] female.
 synthesis: Novitski.
 synonym:FR2: Fragment 2.
 references: 1952, Genetics 37: 270-87.
 properties: Has subterminal centromere and extremely short second
  arm in mitotic metaphase. Constitution confirmed by
  analysis of detachments with C(1)RA, all of
  which appear to result from exchange between the
  interstitial heterochromatin of the compound and the
  bb[+]-bearing short arm of
  y[+]Y[L] (Sandler, 1954, DIS 28: 153-54).
#
y[53i]Y
 constitution:  l(1)J1[+] y[53i]
  ac[+] KL.bb[+] KS.
 origin:X-ray-induced derivative of y[+]Y.
 synthesis: Luning, 53i.
 references: 1953, DIS 27: 58.
 properties: Like y[+]Y but with a mutant allele of y.
#
y[P59]Y
 constitution:  l(1)J1[+] y[P59] ac[+]
  KL.bb[+] KS.
 origin:Spontaneous derivative of y[+]Y.
 synthesis: Perkovic, 59h.
 references: Meyer, 1959, DIS 33: 97.
 properties: Like y[+]Y but with a y[2]-like allele of
  y.
#
y[v56]Y
 constitution:  l(1)J1[+] y[v56] ac[+] KL.bb[+] KS.
 origin:X-ray-induced derivative of y[+]Y.
 synthesis: C. Hinton and Schmidt.
 synonym:sc[8V].Y.
 references: 1956, DIS 30: 121.
 properties: Like y[+]Y but with strong variegation for
  y. May be associated with unanalyzed
  rearrangement.
#
Ybb
 constitution:  KL.bb KS.
 origin:Spontaneous.
 synthesis: Bridges, 1926.
 properties: General symbol for a Y chromosome carrying a
  mutant allele of bb, e.g., bb[Y]. Such
  Y chromosomes occasionally encountered in
  crosses of bb[+] lines to bb.
#
Ybb-Ybb-
 constitution:  KL.KS.
 synthesis: Schultz, 33k8.
 properties: A Y chromosome deficient for a section of
  Y[S] including bb[+] but not KS.
  X/Ybb[-] male fertile. Y[S] about one-third
  normal length in metaphase.
#
Ymal[+]
 constitution:  KL.sw[+]
  - su(f)[+] bb[+] KS; inferred
  from origin.
 origin:X-ray-induced deletion of majority of euchromatin
  [l(1)J1[+] through car[+]] from
  Y[S]X.Y[L], In(1)EN.
 synthesis: E. H. Grell.
 references: Brosseau, Nicoletti, Grell, and Lindsley, 1961,
  Genetics 46: 339-46.
#
Ymal[+]2
 constitution:  KL.sw[+] -
  su(f)[+] bb[+] KS; inferred
  from origin.
 origin:X-ray-induced deletion of majority of euchromatin
  [l(1)J1[+] through car[+]] from
  Y[S]X.Y[L], In(1)EN.
 synthesis: E. H. Grell.
 references: Brosseau, Nicoletti, Grell, and Lindsley, 1961,
  Genetics 46: 339-46.
#
  Y[cS]:bw[+]bb[+]: see R(Y)Sbw[+]
#
Y[L]13
 constitution:  KL.
 origin:Spontaneous derivative of bw[+]Yy[+].
 synthesis: W. K. Baker.
 references: Baker and Spofford, 1959, Univ. Texas
  Publ. 5914: 135-54 (fig.).
 properties: A large acrocentric chromosome in mitotic metaphase.
  Lacks y[+], bw[+], bb[+], and KS
  present in original chromosome.
#
Y[L].sc[S1]Y[L].sc[S1]
 constitution:  KL.bb[+]
  sc[S1] - l(1)J1[+]; presence of
  bb[+] tentative.
 origin:Recombinant between Y[S] and distal
  heterochromatin of In(1)sc[S1].
 synthesis: Crew and Lamy.
 synonym:sc.Y[L].
 references: 1940, J. Genet. 39: 273-83.
  Pontecorvo, 1940, DIS 13: 74.
 properties: Described as an acrocentric rod the size of Y[L]
  in metaphase (Crew and Lamy, 1940). Later described
  as an asymmetrically V-shaped element with the
  shorter arm the size of Y[L] (Pontecorvo, 1940).
#
Y[L].sc[S1]2Y[L].sc[S1]2
 constitution:  KL.bb[+] sc[S1]
  - l(1)J1[+]; presence of
  bb[+] tentative.
 origin:Recombinant between Y[S] and distal
  heterochromatin of In(1)sc[S1] in Basc male.
 synthesis: Parker.
 synonym:sc[S1].Y[L]#2.
 references: Parker and McCrone, 1958, Genetics 43: 172-86.
#
Y[L].sc[S1]3Y[L].sc[S1]3
 constitution:  KL.bb[+] sc[S1]
  - l(1)J1[+].
 origin:Recombinant between Y[S] and distal
  heterochromatin of In(1)sc[S1] in Basc male.
 synthesis: Lindsley.
 synonym:sc[S1]c.o. Y EY80.
 properties: Resembles a normal Y in mitotic prophase.
#
Y[L].y[+]B2Y[L].y[+]B2
 constitution:  KL.ac[+] - l(1)J1[+].
 origin:Recombinant between Y[S] and distal
  heterochromatin of In(1)sc[8L]EN[R].
 synthesis: Lindsley.
 synonym:sc[8]ENc.o. Y B-2.
 references: 1955, Genetics 40: 24-44.
 properties: Lethal in combination with In(1)sc[4L]sc[8R] or
  bb[l]; bobbed in combination with bb.
  Unique among such recombinants between Y[S] and
  distal heterochromatin of In(1)sc[8] or
  In(1)sc[S1] in lacking bb[+]. Resembles
  normal Y in mitotic prophase.
#
Y[L].y[+]TOY[L].y[+]TO
 constitution:  KL.bb[+] ac[+] -
  l(1)J1[+].
 origin:Recombinant between Y[S] and distal
  heterochromatin of In(1)sc[8L]EN[R].
 synthesis: Lindsley.
 synonym:sc[8]ENc.o. Y T-O.
 references: 1955, Genetics 40: 24-44.
 properties: Resembles a normal Y in mitotic prophase.
 other information: One of a number of similar recombinant Y
  chromosomes recovered from In(1)sc[8] or
  In(1)sc[8L]EN[R] males.
#
Y[L].y[3M]Y[L].y[3M]
 constitution:  KL.bb[+] sc[S1]
  - y[3M] l(1)J1[+];
  inferred from supposed constitution of
  Y[L].sc[S1].
 origin:Spontaneous mutation in
  Y[L].sc[S1].
 synthesis: Muller.
 references: Muller and Valencia, 1947, DIS 21: 70.
 properties: Like Y[L].sc[S1]
  but with y[3]-like allele
  of Y.
#
Y[S]8
 constitution:  .bb[+] KS; tentative.
 origin:Spontaneous derivative of bw[+]Yy[+] recovered
  from R(1)1/bw[+]Yy[+] male.
 synthesis: W. K. Baker.
 synonym:Y[S]:bb[+]-8.
 references: Baker and Spofford, 1959, Univ. Texas
  Publ. 5914: 135-54 (fig.).
 properties: A small, two-armed chromosome in mitotic metaphase.
  Lacks y[+], bw[+], and KL present in
  chromosome of origin.
#
Y[S]y[+]5
 constitution:  .bb[+] KS ac[+]
  - l(1)J1[+]; tentative.
 origin:Spontaneous derivative of bw[+]Yy[+] recovered
  from R(1)1/bw[+]Yy[+] male.
 synthesis: W. K. Baker.
 synonym:Y[S]:y[+]bb[+]-5.
 references: Baker and Spofford, 1959, Univ. Texas
  Publ. 5914: 135-54 (fig.).
 properties: Large acrocentric chromosome in mitotic metaphase.
  Lacks bw[+] and KL present in original
  chromosome.
#
Y[S]y[+]6
 constitution:  .bb[+] KS ac[+] -
  l(1)J1[+]; tentative.
 origin:X-ray-induced derivative of bw[+]Yy[+].
 synthesis: W. K. Baker.
 synonym:Y[S]:y[+]bb[+]-6.
 references: Baker and Spofford, 1959, Univ. Texas
  Publ. 5914: 135-54 (fig.).
 properties: Two-armed chromosome in mitotic metaphase. Lacks
  bw[+] and KL present in treated chromosome.
#
Y[S]y[+]7
 constitution:  .bb[+] KS ac[+]
  - l(1)J1[+]; tentative.
 origin:X-ray-induced derivative of bw[+]Yy[+].
 synthesis: W. K. Baker.
 synonym:Y[S]:y[+]bb[+]-7.
 references: Baker and Spofford, 1959, Univ. Texas
  Publ. 5914: 135-54 (fig.).
 properties: A rod-shaped chromosome about twice the length of
  chromosome 4 in mitotic metaphase. Lacks
  bw[+] and KL present in treated chromosome.
#
  Y[S]:y[+]bb[+]: see Y[S]y[+]
#
Y[S].Y[S]Y[S].Y[S]
 constitution:  KS bb[+].bb[+] KS;
  tentative.
 origin:Spontaneous.
 synthesis: Stern.
 synonym:Y''.
 references: 1929, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre
  51: 253-353.
 properties: V-shaped chromosome in mitotic metaphase with both
  arms the length of Y[S].
#
Y[S].Y[S]
 constitution:  KS bb[+].bb[+] KS;
  inferred from probable mode of origin.
 origin:Spontaneous product from
  X.Y[S]/y[+]Y male.
 synthesis: Muller.
 references: 1948, DIS 22: 73-74.
 properties: V-shaped chromosome in mitotic metaphase with both
  arms the length of Y[S].
#
Y[S].Y[S]
 constitution:  KS bb[+].bb[+] KS;
  inferred from probable mode of origin.
 origin:Spontaneous product from
  X.Y[S]/y[+]Y male.
 synthesis: Muller.
 references: 1948, DIS 22: 73-74.
 properties: Like Y[S].Y[S]2.
#
  Y'': see Y[S].Y[S]
#