# sr: stripe location: 3-62.0. references: Craymer, 1980, DIS 55: 197-200. Costello and Wyman, 1986, Dev. Biol. 118: 247-58 (fig.). phenotype: Trident pattern on thorax replaced by broad light gray stripe at 25; stripe is dark at 18 or in the presence of heterozygous or homozygous b or e. Homozygotes are flightless (Levine and Wyman, 1973, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70: 1050- 54) and show a reduction in size of a specific indirect flight muscle, the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM). The DLM is absent from sr/Df(3)sr adults. Early development of the indirect flight muscles is normal, but in the thirty-five-hour pupa the DLM begins to degenerate leading to its absence in adults (Costello and Wyman). alleles: All alleles except sr1 are homozygous lethal, and all but sr1 and sr61j are associated with chromosome rearrange- ments. allele origin discoverer ref ( comments _________________________________________________________________ sr1 Bridges, 22b62 *sr3.2 X ray Alexander 1 In(3R)90D1-E1;93B-E *sr4.2 X ray Alexander 1 T(2;3)30C;90C-96 sr61j X ray Puro, 1961 3 sr1/sr61j overlaps wild type; homozygous lethal *sr100.23 X ray Alexander 4 T(Y;3)90E2-3 *sr100.312 X ray Alexander 4 T(2;3)40-41;90D2-E1 *sr300.240 X ray Alexander 4 Tp(3;3)75C;89E;92A ( 1 = Alexander, 1960, Genetics 45: 1019-22; 2 = Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 244; 3 = Puro, 1982, DIS 58: 205-08; 4 = Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. cytology: Placed in 90D2-F7 based on its inclusion in the region common to Df(3R)sr100.394 = Df(3R)90C2-7;90F3-7 and Df(3R)sr300.101 = Df(3R)90D2-4;91A6-8. #*srb: smaller body location: 1-62.0. origin: Induced by S-mustard (CB. 1735). discoverer: Fahmy, 1960. synonym: sby-62: small body 62. references: 1964, DIS 39: 58. phenotype: Body size slightly reduced. Bristles finer. Both sexes viable. Female fertility low. RK3. cytology: Not included in deficiency for 18A4-18B8 formed by combining left end of In(1)y4 = In(1)1A8-B1;18A3-4 with right end of In(1)sc9 = In(1)1B2-3;18B8-9, although sby (1-60.8) is included (Norton). # Src1: Src proto oncogene sequence location: 3- {15}. origin: Isolated from genomic library using v-src probe. synonym: Dsrc. references: Shilo and Weinberg, 1981, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 67789-92. Simon, Kornberg, and Bishop, 1983, Nature (London) 302: 837- 39. Lev, Leibovitz, Segev, and Shilo, 1984, Mol. Cell. Biol. 4: 482-84. Simon, Drees, Kornberg, and Bishop, 1985, Cell 42: 831-40. phenotype: Considered to be the Drosophila sequence homologous to mammalian c-src, based both on its origin and amino acid sequence as inferred from its nucleotide sequence. The polypeptide product as yet uncharacterized, but presumed to be a protein kinase; Drosophila extracts do exhibit tyrosine kinase activity (Simon et al., 1983). In the region of the polypeptide responsible for kinase and transforming activity, Drosophila amino acid sequence 54% homologous with that from v-src, 100 base pairs beginning with the tryosine-416 codon 62% homologous with Drosophila Abl (Hoffman, Fresco, Hoffman- Falk, and Shilo, 1983, Cell 35: 393-401). Src transcripts abundant in early embryos and in adult ovaries. Level declines in later embryos and is low in males and ovarectom- ized females; inferred to be a maternally acting gene whose product is required for early embryogenesis (Wadsworth, Madhaven, and Bilodeau-Wentworth, 1985, Nucleic Acids Res. 13: 2153-70). cytology: Located in 64B by in situ hybridization (Simon et al., 1983). molecular biology: Gene cloned and sequenced; conceptual sequence indicates a 62-kd C-SRC protein with 40% homology with vertebrate C-SRC protein (Simon et al., 1985). Develop- mental Northern blots reveal homologous transcripts of 3.0, 4.4, and 4.8 kb [3.5, 5.0, and 5.5 kb according to Simon et al. (1985)]; the 3.0 and 4.4 kb transcripts are abundant in unfertilized eggs and early embryos; disappear in larval and pupal stages, reappearing in adults. 4.8 kb transcript undetectable in unfertilized eggs; starts accumulating 2-5 h after fertilization and is expressed continuously throughout development (Lev and Segev, 1986, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 867: 144-51); similar developmental profiles noted by Simon et al. (1985). After first eight h of development, Src RNA accumulates almost exclusively in neural tissue and differen- tiating smooth muscle (Simon et al., 1985). # Src2 location: 2- {22}. origin: Isolated from genomic library using v-src probe. synonym: src4, Dsrc28C. references: Simon, Kornberg, and Bishop, 1983, Nature (London) 302: 837-39. Wadsworth, Madhaven, and Bilodeau-Wentworth, 1985, Nucleic Acids Res. 13: 2153-70. Gregory, Kammermeyer, Vincent, and Wadsworth, 1987, Mol. Cell. Biol. 7: 2119-27. Vincent, Gregory, and Wadsworth, 1989, Genes Dev. 3: 334-47. phenotype: Src transcripts abundant in early embryos and in adult ovaries; also found in imaginal disks. Level declines in later embryos and is low in males and ovarectomized females. Inferred to be maternally acting gene whose product is required for early embryogenesis (Wadsworth et al.). Mono- clonal antibodies detect two protein products of Src2, a doub- let of 66 kd and one of 55 kd; the 55 kd polypeptide appears to initiate at the third methionine codon of the sequence; a faint 95 kd band appears to track the 66 kd band in develop- mental Northern blots. Monoclonal antibodies that differen- tiate between the two protein products show that they are dif- ferentially regulated. The 66 kd polypeptide first appears at the periphery of cells of the cellular blastoderm; this stain- ing is transiently resolved into 13 or 14 segmental stripes plus uncharacterized staining in the head region in the fully extended germ band; no 66 kd protein detectable after 12 h of development. The 55 kd polypeptide first appears at 4-6 h and is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Larvae transformed with constructs that produce either the 66 or the 55 kd products under Hsp70 promoter action display cell-surface localization of the 66 kd protein and cytoplasmic localization of the 55 kd protein in third- instar salivary glands. cytology: Placed in 28C (Simon et al.) by in situ hybridiza- tion. molecular biology: cDNA sequence reveals a single open reading frame capable of encoding a 590 amino-acid 66 kd polypeptide. Comparison with genomic sequence indicates presence of at least 6 introns. Conceptual amino-acid sequence reveals con- siderable homology to C-SRC over 70% of its length; 54% iden- tity between C-SRC residues 270 and 470; amino-terminal 140 amino acids unrelated to C-SRC sequence; Src2 contains a 58 amino-acid N-terminal extension lacking in C-SRC N-terminal third of polypeptide has a 27-amino-acid stretch with 74% gly- cine, including eight contiguous glycine residues. #*srd: small round location: 1-0.6. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 92. phenotype: Fly small with slightly dark, rounder, small eyes. One or both postvertical bristles frequently missing. Both sexes viable and fertile. RK3. # Srf: Surf wings location: 2-66.8. origin: Spontaneous. references: Kang and Park, 1971, DIS 46: 41 (fig.). phenotype: In heterozygotes distal half of wings upturned about 40 from normal wing axis as in Si or j, but usually not diver- gent. Penetrance at 25 is 96% in females and 84% in males. Homozygous lethal; heterozygotes fully viable and fertile. # sro: shroud location: 3-100. references: Jurgens, Wieschaus, Nusslein-Volhard, and Kluding, 1984, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193: 283-95. Roark, Mahoney, Graham, and Lengyel, 1985, Dev. Biol. 109: 476-88. Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987, DIS 66: 209-26. phenotype: Embryonic lethal. No differentiation of cuticle and mouthparts. alleles: Two ethyl methanesulfonate-induced alleles, sro1 and sro2, originally isolated as 8A and 11C. cytology: Placed in 99A-100A; covered by YP3DB172 from T(Y;3)YL;95A+In(3R)93B-C;99A but not by YP3DA113 from T(Y;3)Xhy+;100A. # srp: serpent location: 3-58. references: Jurgens, Wieschaus, Nusslein-Volhard, and Kluding, 1984, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193: 283-95. Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987, DIS 66: 209-26. phenotype: Embryonic lethal; germ-band shortening incomplete. alleles: Three ethyl methanesulfonate-induced alleles, srp1, srp2, and srp3, isolated as 288, 6G, and 9L. cytology: Placed in 88A11-89B4 based on its being deleted by Df(3R)sbd105 = Df(3R)88F9-89A1 but not by Df(3R)Po4 = Df(3R)87F7-89A1;89A11-13 nor by Df(3R)sbd45 = Df(3R)89B4;89B10 (Hughes, Nelson, Yanuk, and Szauter). # srw: shrew location: 3-15_. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. references: Jurgens, Wieschaus, Nusslein-Volhard, and Kluding, 1984, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193: 283-95. Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987, DIS 66: 209-26. phenotype: Embryonic lethal; embryos partially ventralized. alleles: One isolated as 10K. # Sry: Serendipity location: 3- {101}. references: Vincent, Colot, and Rosbash, 1985, J. Mol. Biol. 186: 149-66. 1986, Dev. Biol. 118: 480-87. Schweisguth, Lepesant, and Vincent, 1990, Genes and Dev. 4: 922-93. phenotype: The Sry region comprises three independently tran- scribed genes arranged in tandem, transcribed in the same direction, and separated by less than a kilobase. These are, from left to right, Sry-|, Sry-(, and Sry-`. cytology: Placed in 99D4-8 by in situ hybridization (Roark, Mahoney, Graham, and Lengyel, 1985, Dev. Biol. 109: 476-88). molecular biology: Genomic clones of Sry region isolated independently by Vaslet, O'Conner, and Izquierdo (1980, Nature (London) 285: 674-76) and Roark et al. Sequence determined by Vincent et al. (1985). Five mRNA's are detected on North- ern blots; three correspond to Sry-(, -|, and -` and two correspond to |-( and (-` read-through transcripts, which con- tain the spacer sequence between the respective genes. Sry-( transcripts detected in all nuclei and cells, except pole cells, during syncytial and cellular blastoderm; disappear during gastrulation (James and Vincent, 1986, Dev. Biol. 118: 474-79). Deficiency homozygotes display cellularization defects resulting in multinuclear cells at blastoderm. The molecular biology of the individual genes described below. (, |, and ` are transcribed off of the same strand, but each in a different reading frame. # Sry-( molecular biology: The middle gene in the Serendipity region. Transcription begins 183 base pairs downstream from the 3' terminus of the Sry-| transcript and terminates 331 base pairs upstream from the initiation of transcription of Sry-`; tran- script size is 1.9 kb. The conceptual amino acid sequence contains 530 amino acids and 58 kd molecular weight. Expressed exclusively at the blastoderm stage of development; mostly associated with invaginating membranes at cellulariza- tion. # Sry-| molecular biology: The left-most gene in the Serendipity region. The transcript size is 1.0 kb; the conceptual amino- acid sequence indicates a polypeptide of 351 amino acids with a molecular weight of 41,000. The carboxy-terminal portion of the Sry-| sequence appears to contain six tandemly arranged repeats of 28 or 29 amino acids, each of which contains two invariant cysteine and two highly conserved histidine resi- dues; this segment of the gene shows high identity to the corresponding region of Sry-` (87/172 residue identity). Sry-|. mRNA abundant in oocyte; maternally inherited. # Sry-` alleles: Four recessive lethal alleles, Sry-`11, Sry-`12, Sry- `13, and Sry-`14 isolated by Kongsuwan, Vincent, Lengyel, and Merriam (1986 Asilomar meeting). molecular biology: The right-most gene in the Serendipity region. The transcript size is 1.5 kb; the conceptual amino- acid sequence indicates a polypeptide of 430 amino acids and molecular weight of 50,000. The identity to Sry-| in the region of the six repeated motifs has been discussed. Expres- sion as detected by Northern blots occurs throughout develop- ment, being high in oocytes and embryos and reduced during the rest of the life cycle. # Sryc: Serendipity cognate location: 3- {99}. synonym: sry-h1. references: Vincent, Kejzlarova-Lepesant, Segalat, Yanicostas, and Lepesant, 1988, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8: 4459-68. phenotype: Structural gene for a protein of 868 amino acids with eight TFIIIA-like fingers. Developmental Northern blots reveal abundant transcript in adult females but not males and during the first four hours of embryonic development; low lev- els present in later embryos, larvae, and pupae. In situ hybridization to tissue sections shows that transcripts pro- duced in nurse cells and beginning at stage 10 are transported to and accumulate in oocytes. molecular biology: Gene recovered from genomic library by low- stringency hybridization with both Sry-| and Sry-`. Probes derived from genomic clone detect a single mRNA of 3.2 kb. Genomic sequence comprises three exons and two introns, one between nucleotides 1263 and 1325 and the other between nucleotides 2528 and 2639. Three kilobases of genomic clone sequenced; conceptual amino-acid sequence contains 868 amino acids with calculated molecular weight of 96,000. The polypeptide contains two proline-rich domains in residues 141-213 and 593-669 and eight tandemly repeated 28- to 29- residue DNA-binding finger motifs in the central basic portion of the molecule; the first intron is in the loop of the third finger; an 11-residue polyalanine repeat resides 28 residues carboxy to the finger domain; also contains five potential glycosylation sites, three between residues 97 and 130. The 5' untranslated region contains five AUG codons, all followed shortly by in-frame stop codons. cytology: Placed in 98E-F by in situ hybridization. # ss: spineless location: 3-58.5. references: Bownes, Bournias-Vardiabasis, and Spare, 1979, Mol. Gen. Genet. 174: 67-74. Struhl, 1982, Genetics 102: 737-49. phenotype: Mutations at the spineless locus display three dif- ferent phenotypes: (1) The spineless phenotype is character- ized by the reduction in size of all bristles; (2) the arista- pedia phenotype corresponds to the transformation of distal antennal segments, specifically the arista and the distal por- tion of the third antennal segment, into distal mesothoracic leg segments, i.e., tarsal segments; and (3) leg-segment fusion manifested as fusion of tarsal segments on all eight legs. Homeotic tissue does not conform to developmental com- partment boundaries; therefore, ss does not qualify as a selector gene (Struhl). Expression of these phenotypes varies among alleles. Some alleles show only the spineless pheno- type. Aristapedia alleles, symbolized ssa, vary in expres- sion; weak alleles show a swelling of the third antennal joint and rudimentary tarsal transformation of the base of the arista; as expression becomes more extreme, more tarsal joints are formed until in the most extreme alleles four tarsal seg- ments and terminal claws are formed. Tarsal fusions are characteristic of extreme aristapedia alleles. alleles: allele origin discoverer synonym ref ( comments ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ss1 spont Bridges, 14a3 3, 6, 13 *ss37b spont Poulson, 37b 6, 15 ssa spont Balkaschina, 1926 1, 2, 6, 7, 11, 22 ssa40a spont Buzzati-Traverso, 40a2 2, 4, 6, 11, 23 cold sensitive *ssa41i spont Neel, 41i30 6, 14 *ssa44a spont Buzzati-Traverso, 44a17 5, 6 weak derivative of ssa40a *ssa52g spont Meyer, 52g 6, 10 *ssa53e spont Piternick, 1953 6 *ssa63c spont Merriam, Piternick, 63c 6 ssaB spont Bridges, 38a11 2, 6, 11, 18, 22, 23 weak allele; cold sensitive ssaC1 EMS ssaCam 2, 12 ssaC2 EMS Struhl 17 ssaC3 EMS Struhl 17 weak allele ssaC4 EMS Struhl 17 ssaC5 EMS Struhl 17 strong allele ssaC6 EMS Struhl 17 ssaC7 EMS Struhl 17 ssaC8 EMS Struhl 17 ssaC9 EMS Struhl 17 ssaC10 EMS Struhl 17 strong allele ssaC11 EMS Struhl 17 strong allele ssaC12 EMS Struhl 17 ssaC13 EMS Struhl 17 ssaC14 EMS Struhl 17 ssaC15 EMS Struhl 17 deficiency ssaC16 EMS Struhl 17 strong allele *ssaD X ray Puro, 1962 dominant *ssaF spont von Finck, 1937 6, 20, 19 ssaH spont Hannah-Alava 8 ssak spont 2, 11 ssaP88 X ray Lewis In(3LR)61A1-2;89C2-4; strong allele ssaSp spont Spencer, 36d15 6, 16, 22 ssasnB 23 ssaUCI EMS Vyse, James 2, 21 ssax spont Hexter 2, 9, 11 ssiso53 spont Piternick, 1953 6 ssv X ray Lewis 6 T(1;3)20;89B; 100F ( 1 = Balkaschina, 1929, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 115: 448-63 (fig.); 2 = Bownes, Bournias-Vardiabasis, and Spare, 1979, Mol. Gen. Genet. 174: 67-74; 3 = Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 109 (fig.); 4 = Buzzati-Traverso, 1940, DIS 13: 49; 5 = Buzzati-Traverso, 1949, DIS 23: 57; 6 = Carnegie Publi- cation 627; 7 = Gehring and Schubiger, 1975, J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 33: 459-69; 8 = Goldschmidt, 1951, Pan-Pacific Ent. 27: 1-11; 9 = Hexter, Lozner, and Bunn, 1967, Genetics 56: 565; 10 = Meyer, 1952, DIS 26: 67; 11 = Mglinetz, 1974, Genetika 10(#1): 92-98; 12 = Morata and Lawrence, 1979, Dev. Biol. 70: 355-71; 13 = Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 211 (fig.), 236; 14 = Neel, 1942, Genetics 27: 530; 15 = Poulson and King, 1948, DIS 22: 55; 16 = Spencer, 1937, DIS 7: 5; 17 = Struhl, 1982, Genetics 102: 737-49; 18 = Villee, 1943, J. Exp. Zool. 93: 75-98 (fig.); 19 = Vogt, 1946, Biol. Zen- tralbl. 65: 238-54; 20 = von Finck, 1942, Biol. Zentralbl. 62: 379-400; 21 = Vyse and James, 1972, DIS 49: 39; 22 = Waddington, 1939, Growth Suppl. 1: 37-44; 23 = Wad- dington and Clayton, 1952, J. Genet. 51: 123-29. cytology: Placed in 89C1-2 (Lewis, 1963, Am. Zoologist 3: 33- 56). other information: ss and ssa to the left of both ssa40a and ssax (Hexter, Lozner, and Bunn, 1967, Genetics 56: 565). # ss1 phenotype: Bristles only a little larger than hairs; dorsocen- trals least reduced; postscutellars erect. No effect on legs or aristae. Growth of bristles slows during development [Lees and Waddington, 1943, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B 131: 87-110]. Dominant to aristapedia phenotype of all ssa alleles. RK1. ssa: spineless-aristapedia From Bridges and Brehme, 1944, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. No. 552: 179. # ssa: spineless-aristapedia phenotype: Antennae and aristae tarsuslike; mean number of tar- sal segments = 4.0; incidence of claws = 97.1% (Garcia- Bellido, 1968, Genetics 59: 487-99); classified as an inter- mediate allele by Struhl. Third joint of antenna like parts of a tarsal row but with broad, flat, plate-like lobes below. Tarsal segments of legs display intermediate level of fusion (Struhl). Bristles like those of a medium to slight Minute. Frequent extra dorsocentral bristles. Transformed tissue is leg tissue in every attribute tested. Transformed tarsi eli- cit behavioral response similar to that of normal legs when exposed to sugar solutions (Deak, 1976, Nature 260: 252-54). Regions of aristae converted into tarsi not affected by mutants affecting aristae (e.g., th and al) but are affected by those operating on tarsi (e.g., fj, d, app, and ey) [Wad- dington, 1939, Growth, Suppl. 1, pp. 37-44; Braun, 1940, Genetics 25: 143-49; Mglinetz and Ivanov, 1975, Genetika 11(#11): 27-33; 1976, Genetika 12(#12): 87-94]. Dissociated cells from ssa antennal disks aggregate with dissociated leg- disk cells but not with those from wild-type antennal disks (Garcia-Bellido). Antennal disks from ssa larvae give rise to leg-like structures when transplanted into wild-type hosts as do both duplicated and regenerated antennal disks formed from eye-antenna-disk fragments (Gehring and Schubiger, 1975, J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 33: 459-69); when disks are pretreated with colchicine, the developing structures are more aristalike (Vogt, 1947, Experientia 3: 156-59). Homozygous clones of ssa tissue produce antennal leg tissue when induced before (Roberts, 1964, Genetics 49: 593-98) but not after (Postlethwait and Girton, 1974, Genetics 76: 767-74) mid- third instar. Large clones conform to anterior and posterior compartments comparable to those induced in normal mesothora- cic legs [Morata and Lawrence, 1979, Dev. Biol. 70: 355-71 (fig.)]. No maternal effect; temperature independent. # ssa40a phenotype: Cold sensitive; phenotype normal in flies raised at 29; fully penetrant at 17 [mean number of tarsal segments = 2.8; incidence of tarsal claws = 1.3% as recorded by Garcia- Bellido (1968, Genetics 59: 487-99) probably in flies raised at 25]. Phenocritical stage in first half of third instar [Grigliatti and Suzuki, 1971, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 68: 1307-11 (fig.)]. Shifts from 17 to 29 early in third instar restrict transformation to base of arista; distal extent of transformation increases as shift is effected later in development (Grigliatti and Suzuki). Opposite response to temperature for antennal transformation but not tarsal fusion reported by Mglinetz (1977, Genetika 13: 70-75). Developmen- tal compartments demonstrated in antennal legs [Morata and Lawrence, 1979, Dev. Biol. 70: 355-71 (fig.)]. # ssaB: spineless-aristapedia of Bridges phenotype: Bristles of female like a slight Minute, especially postscutellars. At 25, aristae inconspicuously thickened at base, plumed or threadlike for rest of extent. At 18 penetrance is 7% and expression weak; at 14, ssaB enhanced and resembles ssa; al causes reduction of ssaB arista at 25 but has no effect on transformed arista at 14 (Villee, 1943, J. Exp. Zool. 93: 75-98). Legs frequently have lumps at second joint of tarsi; more pro- nounced in male and result in doubling of sex combs, which are strung along first and second fused joints. Eyes a little flattened. Except at low temperatures, all characters slight and may overlap wild type. ssaB/ss1 has slight Minute pheno- type but wild-type legs and aristae. ssaB/ssaSp like ssaSp with large tarsal aristae. RK2. Struhl (1982, Genetics 102: 737-49) and Posakony. #*ssaH (A. Hannah Alava) phenotype: Homozygous viable and fertile. Displays enlargement of base of arista. Increased number of sex-comb teeth on basi- tarsus of first leg in males (12-38 with mean of 24 teeth per leg). #*ssasnB (A. Hannah Alava) phenotype: Description incomplete. Extreme fusion of tarsal segments; basitarsus of male first leg has 20-50 sex-comb teeth (mean = 40); sex-comb teeth not uncommon on second leg. # ssA: see AntpR # ssAr: see AntpLC # ssC1 phenotype: Reported to be homozygous lethal and lethal in com- bination with Df(3R)bxd100 (Bownes, Bournias-Vardiabasis, and Spare, 1979, Mol. Gen. Genet. 174: 67-74); however both of these combinations viable in the hands of #*ssiso53: spineless-isoallele phenotype: Homozygote is wild type. ssiso53/ssa, ssiso53/ssa63c, and ssiso53/ssa53e have thickened proximal segments of aristae, like ssaB. RK3. # ssv: spineless-variegated phenotype: Variegates for spineless character but completely mutant for aristapedia. Male sterile. RK2A. # st: scarlet location: 3-44.0. phenotype: Eyes bright vermilion, darkening with age. Ocelli colorless, even in old fly; a reliable trait for classifying st se. Eyes of bw; st white. Eye color autonomous in larval optic disks transplanted into wild-type hosts (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Larval Malpighian tubes pale yellow (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). Phenocrit- ical period, as indicated by temperature-shift experiments utilizing st12, is 24-48 h after pupariation at 25 (Howells, 1973). Uptake of kynurenine by Malpighian tubules and eye disks severely deficient (Sullivan and Sullivan, 1975, Biochem. Genet. 13: 603-13). 3-hydroxykynurenine accumu- lates only in pupae; virtually undetectable in larvae and adults (Howells and Ryall, 1976, Biochem. Genet. 14: 1077- 90). Activity of phenoxazinone synthetase, which is found in pigment granules and which catalyzes the bimolecular condensa- tion of 3-hydroxykynurenine in the production of brown eye pigment, xanthommatin, markedly reduced in st (Phillips, Forrest, and Kulkarni, 1973, Genetics 73: 45-56). RK1. alleles: allele origin discoverer synonym ref ( comments | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ st1 spont Richards, 16K18 3, 8, 9 7.6 kb insert in -1.7 to -0.8 kb st2 UV Meyer, 54i st54i 7 st3 MR Green st82c3 st4 spont Tearle st82k st5 / ray Velissariou 1 In(3L)73A2-3;80C *st6 X ray st100.126 10 T(Y;3)73A2-3 *st7 X ray st100.359 10 T(2;3)21C3-5;73A2-3;98F2-4 st8 EMS Howells st741 5 st9 EMS Howells st751 5 severe hypomorph/ st10 EMS Howells st752 5 moderate hypomorph/ st11 EMS Howells st753 5 st12 EMS Howells st754 5 temperature sensitive st13 EMS Howells st755 5 moderate hypomorph st14 X ray Tearle st241 9 restriction map normal st15 X ray Tearle sta24 9 restriction map normal st16 X ray Tearle sta27 9 In(3LR)73A3-4;87D13-14 st17 X ray Tearle sta31 9 st18 X ray Tearle stb22 9 restriction map normal st19 X ray Tearle stg22 9 restriction map normal st20 X ray Tearle stg202 9 restriction map normal st21 X ray Kennison stJK1 9 st22 EMS Kennison stJK2 st23 EMS Kennison stT1 st24 spont Kennison stJK3 in TM3 st25 X ray stk21 9 In(3)73A3-4;80-81 st26 X ray stL15 9 st27 X ray Marsh stLM2 6 st28 X ray Marsh stLM10 6 st29 X ray Marsh stLM54 6 st30 X ray stSS34 2 st31 EMS stT1 stsp spont Bridges, 36b19 4, 9 5.2 kb insert in -3.0 to -2.1 kb ( 1 = Ashburner, Angel, Detwiler, Faithfull, Gubb, Harrington, Littlewood, Tsubota, Velissariou, and Walker, 1981, DIS 56: 186-90; 2 = Ashburner, Faithfull, Littlewood, Richards, Smith, Velissariou, and Woodruff, 1980, DIS 55: 193-95; 3 = Bridges, and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 327: 172 (fig.); 4 = Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publication 627; 5 = Howells, 1979, Biochem. Genet. 17: 149-58; 6 = Marsh and Mock, 1985, DIS 61: 214; 7 = Meyer, 1954, DIS 28: 77; 8 = Richards, 1918, Biol. Bull. 35: 199-206; 9 = Tearle, Belote, McKeown, Baker, and Howells, 1989, Genetics 122: 595-606; 10 = Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. | Molecular coordinates based on Tearle et al.; origin defined as the HindIII site nearest to the left breakpoint of In(3LR)st-a27 = In(3LR)73A3-4;87D13-14; polarity undefined. / Severe hypomorphs have yellow eyes in combination with bw and approximately 10% wild-type levels of xanthommatin; moderate hypomorphs have orange eyes in combination with bw and 25-45% wild-type levels of xanthommatin. cytology: Placed in 73A3-4 by deficiency mapping (Ashburner, Angel, Detwiler, Faithfull, Gubb, Harrington, Littlewood, Tsu- bota, Velissariou, and Walker, 1981, DIS 56: 186-90); res- tricted to distal two-thirds of the 73A3-4 doublet by Tearle et al. on the basis of the st+ phenotype of Df(3L)tra, which removes the proximal edge of the doublet. molecular biology: The region of the gene has been cloned, res- triction mapped, and partially sequenced; coordinates esta- blished from origin defined as HindIII site nearest to left breakpoint of In(3LR)st-a27 (Tearle, Belote, McKeown, Baker, and Howells, 1989, Genetics 122: 595-606); transformation with a segment extending from -7.3 to +1.4 rescues st pheno- type. Restriction site polymorphisms in vicinity identified. Northern blots probed with riboprobes made from restriction fragments in region identify a 2.3 kb polyadenylated mRNA transcribed from a genomic sequence containing a large intron in the N-terminal half of the gene. Transcript present with substantially lower abundance than w transcript, and level independent of genotype at w locus. Developmental Northern blots show the presence of transcript throughout development, but level about ten-fold higher during early to mid pupa. A segment of the sequence between -678 and -354 shows homology with a segment of the w gene; sequence determined by Tearle et al. includes one of the putative ATP-binding sites of w, where 72% homology is observed. # st12 phenotype: Scarlet eyes at 29; normal eye color at 18; xanthom- matin levels 9% and 72% of wild type respectively (Howells, 1979, Biochem. Genet. 17: 149-58). # stsp: scarlet-spotted phenotype: Eyes scarlet with facets and groups of facets that appear wild type. Darkening spreads in old fly. Not a variegated position effect. stsp/st like stsp. Larval Mal- pighian tubules pale yellow and classifiable (Brehme and Dem- erec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. #*St: Stumpy location: 1-55.5. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 26l2. references: 1935, DIS 3: 30. phenotype: Wings and abdomen short. Bristles Minute. Eyes rough. Male lethal. RK2. # St-SD: Stabilizer of Segregation Distorter references: Sandler and Hiraizumi, 1960, Genetics 45: 1269-87. Miklos, 1972, Genetics 70: 405-18. phenotype: Increases k value of SD chromosomes and by so doing decreases the male-to-male variability of k. Located to the right end of 2R and affects k either in coupling or repulsion to Sd. Decreases fecundity and temperature response of SD/+ males (Hartl, Hiraizumi, and Crow, 1967, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 58: 2240-45; Hikawa, 1971, Jpn. J. Genet. 46: 75-82). Existence inferred from behavior of various recombinant SD chromosomes. Probit analysis by Miklos (1972) indicates that the phenotype results not from a single locus, but from the cumulative effects of several weak enhancers; variability in k values in SD/+ genotypes lacking St-SD shown algebraically to be the consequence of reduced k values [see also Hartl, 1976, Genetics and Biology of Drosophila (Ashburner and Novitski, eds.). Academic Press, London, New York, San Francisco, Vol. 1b, pp. 615-66]. sta: stubarista From Bridges and Brehme, 1944, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. No. 552: 180. # sta: stubarista location: 1-0.3. phenotype: Third joints of antennae short, blunt, free of hairs, and yellowish. Aristae bases thickened, axes sometimes short, and branches irregular. All bristles and hairs extremely short and sparse. Eyes rotated on head slightly so that the long axis is vertical. Homozygous sta1 females unable to oviposit; stage 14 oocytes appear normal (King, 1970, Ovarian Development in Drosophila, Academic Press, New York). Lethal allele (sta2) in combination with variegating translocation (T(1;2)dorvar7) produces incised wing margins, small rough eyes with missing facets, and missing head macro- chaetae [Demakova and Belyaeva, 1988, DIS 67: 21 (fig.)]. RK2A. alleles: allele origin discoverer synonym ref ( comments _______________________________________________________________________ sta1 X ray Oliver, 32l22 3 Tp(1;3)1E1-2;2B3-4; 89B21-C4 sta2 EMS stal3 1,2 lethal allele sta3 EMS stal3b 1,2 lethal allele ( 1 = Aizenzon and Belyaeva, 1982, DIS 58: 3-7; 2 = Belyaeva, Aizenzon, Kiss, Gorelova, Pak, Umbetova, Kramers, and Zhimu- lev, 1982, DIS 58: 185-90; 3 = Oliver, 1935, DIS 4: 15. cytology: Placed in region between 1E1 and 2B4 on the basis of its association with Df(1)sta = Df(1)1E1-2;2B3-4. # staP: see crm # Sta: Stigmata location: 3- rearranged. origin: X ray induced on T(2;3)P10. discoverer: Lewis, 1978. references: Craymer, 1984, DIS 60: 234-36. phenotype: Pigment absent from corners and mid-anterior edge of notum. Wings held out from body, becoming more extreme with age. cytology: Associated with In(3LR)Sta = In(3LR)79D;94A. # Stabilizer of Segregation Distorter: see St-SD # stall: see stl # stambh: see stm # stand still: see stil # standby: see fliI8 # Star: see S # stardust: see sdt # staroid: see std # stau: staufen (T. Schupbach) location: 2 -83.5. references: Schupbach and Wieschaus, 1986, Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 195: 302-17. Nusslein-Volhard, Frohnhofer, and Lehman, 1987, Science 238: 1675-81. Schupbach and Wieschaus, 1989, Genetics 121: 110-17. phenotype: Maternal-effect lethal. Embryos from homozygous mothers exhibit a so-called "grandchildless-knirps" phenotype; all eggs lack polar granules and no pole cells are formed; most embryos show variable deletions of abdominal segments, whereby segment A4 is deleted most frequently; larger dele- tions may delete segments A2 through A7; in extreme cases, anterior parts of segment A1 become fused to posterior parts of segment A8, but telson elements are always present and relatively normal. In addition, embryos show deletions of the anterior-most head structures and the cephalic furrow is shifted anteriorly at gastrulation. Analysis of germline clones indicates that the mutation is germline autonomous (Schupbach and Wieschaus, 1986, Dev. Biol. 113: 443-48). alleles: allele origin synonym comments ____________________________________________________ stau1 EMS HL weak allele stau2 EMS D3 strong allele stau3 EMS C8 temperature sensitive stau4 EMS G2 weak allele cytology: Placed in 54F6-55C1, since uncovered by Df(2R)Pcl7B = Df(2R)54E8-F1;55B9-C1 and Df(2R)Pcl11B = Df(2R)54F6- 55A1;55C1-3. # stb: see sbd #*stb: short bristle location: 1-14.6. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)amino- phenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 75. phenotype: Short, thin bristles. Viability and fertility good. RK2. # std: staroid location: 2-56.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 31c26. phenotype: Eyes small, oval, and very rough. Bristles short. Wings slender, dusky, and warped; marginal veins irregular; gap in L4; L5 short. Body dwarfed. Thorax has dark streak. Male sterile; female semisterile. Viability variable. At 19, eye character remains but other abnormalities disappear. RK2. # std: see Bdr1 # Ste: Stellate location: 1-45.7. references: Meyer, Hess, and Beerman, 1961, Chromosoma 12: 676-716. Hardy, 1980, DIS 55: 54-55. Lovett, Kaufman, and Mahowald, 1980, Eur. J. Cell Biol. 22: 49. Lovett, 1983, PhD Thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. Hardy, Lindsley, Livak, Lewis, Sivertsen, Joslyn, Edwards, and Bonaccorsi, 1984, Genetics 107: 591-610. Livak, 1984, Genetics 107: 611-34. Livak, 1990, Genetics Submitted. phenotype: This locus is responsible for the appearance of cry- stals in the nuclei and cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes of XO males. Enzymatic treatments indicate that these crystals are proteinaceous in nature (Meyer et al.). The suppression of crystal formation by the Y chromosome is attributable to a sequence designated Su(Ste). alleles: Two forms of Ste, designated Ste and Ste+, can be dis- tinguished; Ste+/0 males produce needle-shaped crystals that are longer than cell diameters and thus curve to conform to cellular boundaries, whereas Ste/0 males produce star-shaped aggregates of shorter crystals. cytology: Placed in 12F1-2 by in situ hybridization (Lovett et al.). molecular biology: The testes of X0 males produce an abundant 750-base poly-A+ transcript that is rare in XY testes; tran- script also not found in male carcasses or in females. XO- cDNA-detected genomic clones were isolated by Lovett; Livak showed them to comprise tandem repeats of a 1250 base-pair sequence and estimates that there are 200 copies on Ste- bearing X chromosomes and low copy numbers in Ste+-bearing Xs; the X of D. simulans apparently lacks the sequence altogether. Sequence determinations by Livak (1990) reveals two major classes of Stellate repeats which differ by 150 base pairs in the 3' end of the gene. No TATA element associated with the Ste promoter. The cDNA sequence reveals the presence of two introns, which are more efficiently spliced in X0 than XY testes; the conceptual amino acid sequence suggests a 19,500- dalton protein that shares homology with the | subunit of casein kinase II (Henikoff). The fact that the Ste sequence is as similar to the bovine casein kinase sequence as it is to the Drosophila sequence suggests that the Ste and casein kinase sequences are probably not of recent common origin. A single Ste repeat sequence transposed into autosomal locations is regulated by the Y chromosome in the same way as are the endogenous sequences. # Sternopleural: see Sp # stf: stormfront location: 1-35. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. references: Eberl and Hilliker, 1988, Genetics 118: 109-20. phenotype: Sex-linked-recessive lethal. Hemizygous embryos exhibit failure of head involution and occasional defects in the ventral-denticle-belt pattern or the failure of germ-band retraction. cytology: Placed in 10A7-11 based on its location between the proximal breakpoints of Df(1)v-L3 = Df(1)9F10;10A7-8 and Df(1)9E1;10A11;56A. # stg: string location: 3-99. references: Jurgens, Wieschaus, Nusslein-Volhard, and Kluding, 1984, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193: 283-95. Edgar and O'Farrell, 1989, Cell 57: 177-87. phenotype: Homozygous embryonic lethal; denticle bands reduced. First 13 nuclear divisions of zygote proceed on schedule; division 14 permanently arrested in G2 in homozygotes for strong alleles; no evidence of nuclear-envelope breakdown or chromosome condensation; division 14 severely impaired in weak alleles. DNA synthesis in arrested embryos confined to the polyploid amnioserosal cells. Gastrulation proceeds on schedule in stg embryos with but 5,000 cells, and markers ordinarily expressed in normal embryos with 50,000 cells also expressed in stg embryos. The only defect seems to be in the initiation of the first mitotic division that is under zygotic control. Clones of homozygous cells induced early don't sur- vive; few late clones produced. alleles: allele origin synonym ref ( comments _____________________________________________________ stg1 EMS stg4B 2, 4 temperature sensitive stg2 EMS stg7B 2, 4 strong allele stg3 EMS stg7L 2, 4 strong allele stg4 EMS stg7M 4 weak allele stg5 EMS stg8A 2, 4 strong allele stg6 EMS stg9A 2, 4 weak allele stg7 EMS stg9K 2, 4 weakest allele stg8 EMS stg13D 4 weak allele stg9 EMS stgIIB stg10 EMS stgIO stg11 P l(3)1D3 3 strong allele / stg12 P l(3)3A1 3 |, / stg13 P l(3)neo61 1 | stg14 P l(3)neo62 1 |, / ( 1 = Cooley, Kelley, and Spradling, 1988, Science 239: 1121-28; 2 = Jan (unpublished); 3 = Jurgens, Wieschaus, Nusslein-Volhard, and Kluding, 1984, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193: 283-95; 4 = Edgar and O'Farrell, 1989, Cell 57: 177-87. | These alleles are homozygous lethal and do not display a stg phenotype; however, they fail to complement completely strong stg alleles. / P insert detected in EcoRI fragment 5' to start of tran- scription. cytology: Placed in 99A by in situ hybridization. Covered by 3PYD from T(Y;3)B172 = T(Y;3)YL;93B-C;95A;99A, but not from T(Y;3)B152 = T(Y;3)h3;98F. molecular biology: Region isolated by transposon tagging and plasmid rescue; 33 kb of flanking DNA cloned and restriction mapped. Probing of Northern blots reveals two transcripts of 2.8 and 3.0 kb, which are abundant during nuclear divisions 1-13 and 14-16 but not in post-division-16 cells. stg11 has no detectable transcript during postblastoderm development. Conceptual amino-acid sequence indicates a protein with 479 amino acids, the C-terminal 187 amino acids of which exhibit 34% identity with cdc25, a mitotic initiator gene of S. pombe. The sequence has no introns. In situ hybridization to embryos reveals an uniform distribution of maternal transcript present throughout the first thirteen nuclear divisions; during the first 20-30 m of interphase 14 the maternal message is rapidly degraded and zygotic transcription begins 25-30 m before cells enter mitosis 14. Zygotic expression is not observed in strong stg mutants (e.g., stg11). During gastrulation the spatio-temporal pattern of stg expression anticipates rather exactly that of mitosis. #*sth: small thin location: 1-3.7. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 92. phenotype: Fly small, has short thin bristles. Eyes frequently deformed and rough. Wing shape and position slightly atypi- cal. Male ecloses late but is viable and fertile. Female sterile. RK3. # sticking: see stk # stiff chaetae: see sfc # Stigmata: see Sta # stil: stand still (T. Schupbach) location: 2-63. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. references: Schupbach and Wieschaus. phenotype: Female sterile; homozygous females contain few developing egg chambers in their ovaries, which may contain abnormal numbers of nurse cells and usually degenerate before yolk uptake begins. alleles: stil1 and stil2 recovered as WE and PS respectively. cytology: Placed in 48D-49E, since uncovered by Df(2R)vg135 = Df(2R)48D-E;49D-E. # stk: sticking location: 3- {47}. references: Cavener, Otteson, and Kaufman, 1986, Genetics 114: 111-23. phenotype: Undefined prepupariation effective lethal phase; stk/T(2;3)Ta1 fails to complete eclosion. alleles: allele origin discoverer synonym ______________________________________ stk1 EMS Cavener l(2)g2 stk2 EMS Cavener l(2)g5 stk3 EMS R. Lewis l(2)r13 cytology: Located in 84B1-C2 based on its inclusion in Df(3R)Scx2 = Df(3R)84A4-5;84C1-2 but not Df(3R)Win3 = Df(3R)84A4-5;84B1-2. Also, not complemented by T(2;3)Ta1 = T(2;3)51E1-2;84B1-2. # stl: stall (T. Schupbach) location: 2-102. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. references: Schupbach and Wieschaus. phenotype: Female-sterile; homozygous females often contain ovarian tumors; ovarioles filled with small undifferentiated cells, as well as egg chambers containing variable numbers of nurse cells and degenerating material. Occasional normal egg chambers take up yolk, but form abnormal, collapsing eggs which remain unfertilized. alleles: Four alleles, stl1, stl2, stl3, and stl4 - isolated as WU, AWK, PA, and PH. # stm: stambh Three ethyl methanesulfonate-induced temperature-sensitive paralytic mutations at different loci on chromosome 2. Paralysis dependent on time and temperature of exposure; the recovery time is proportional to the severity of the paralyz- ing exposure. references: Shyngle and Sharma, 1985, Indian J. Exp. Biol. 23: 235-40. locus location comments _____________________________________________________________ stm-A 2-56.8 paralyzed at 35; rapid paralysis at 39; larval paralysis; complements napts stm-B 2-97.6 paralyzed at 37; slow paralysis at 39; no larval paralysis stm-C 2-59.4 paralyzed at 35; rapid paralysis at 39; no larval paralysis # stm-A phenotype: Two-hour heat shocks applied throughout development show 0-8 h and 56-140 h to be highly sensitive, with no sur- vival; 8-56 h and after 140 h show survival with normal pheno- type. Early temperature shock leads to blastoderm arrest with no gastrulation. Embryos produced by homozygous stm-A mothers are exceedingly sensitive to a two-hour exposure to 36; leads to complete lethality from 0-3 h irrespective of paternal con- tribution. # stn: stoned (J.C. Hall) location: 1-66.3 (Grigliatti et al., 1973) or 68.5 (Homyk and Pye, 1988). references: Grigliatti, Hall, Rosenbluth, and Suzuki, 1973, Mol. Gen. Genet. 120: 107-14. Kelly, 1983a, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 3: 127-41. 1983b, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 3: 143-49. Miklos, Kelly, Coombe, Leeds, and Lefevre, 1987, J. Neuro- genet. 4: 1-19. Homyk and Pye, 1988, J. Neurogenet. 5: 37-48. Perrimon, Smouse, and Miklos, 1989, Genetics 121: 313-31. phenotype: Exists as temperature-sensitive behavioral, temperature-sensitive lethal, and unconditionally lethal alleles. Severe behavioral debilitation is quickly induced by shift of adult stn6 and stn7 from 25 to 29; abnormalities at high temperature include uncoordinated leg and wing movements, with complete paralysis never occurring (e.g., legs still move); stn6 causes some debilitation at 22 (slow movements, occasionally falling over); whereas stn7 is more nearly normal at low temperatures, and can even walk with difficulty at 29; at permissive temperatures, stn (allele unspecified) causes unusual jump response to light-off stimulus, which is more pronounced in combination with w (Kelly, 1983b); associated with this abnormal jumping is an increase in amplitude of light-off transient spike of electroretinogram (ERG); in tests of light-adapted mutant, the jump response, as monitored by recordings from indirect flight muscles, habituates with increasing frequencies of light-off stimulation (Kelly, 1983b); combining stn with tan, which by itself leads to decreased amplitude of ERG on and off transients, leads to loss of anomalous jumping and partial restoration of light-off spike. In biochemical experiments, stn (allele unspecified) found to cause accentuation of in vivo phosphorylation of a protein from adult head synaptosomal fractions that is modi- fied in this way by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase, with such phosphorylation being enhanced by exposure of flies to light, prior to extraction (Kelly, 1983a). A protein, which has same molecular weight as the one noted above, found to be phospho- rylated in vitro by a fly-derived Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; stn causes increased levels of in vivo phos- phorylation of this material (Kelly, 1983b). The temperature-sensitive lethal allele, stn, leads to brief paralysis, followed by sporadic movements, as a result of mechanical shocking (Homyk and Sheppard, 1977, Genetics 87: 95-104); other abnormalities include abnormally short jump and flight distances, apparent absence of on and off transients in ERG, and lethality when raised at 29. Effects of three of the lethal alleles, stn1, stn11, and stn14, were examined during development for effects on gross anatomy of CNS or PNS; no obvious abnormalities were observed (Perrimon et al., 1989). alleles: allele origin discoverer synonym ref ( comments __________________________________________________________________________ stn1 X ray l(1)8P1 10, 11, 12 stn2 EMS Lifschytz l(1)M143 8 on y+Ymal+ stn3 EMS Lifschytz l(1)R-9-10 7, 12 stn4 EMS Lifschytz l(1)R-9-15 7 stn5 X ray Lifschytz l(1)X3 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 stn6 stnts1 1 temperature-sensitive behavioral mutant stn7 stnts2 1 temperature-sensitive behavioral mutant stn8 X ray Lefevre l(1)C88 4 stn9 X ray Lefevre l(1)HC121 4 stn10 EMS Lefevre l(1)VA228 5 stn11 EMS Lefevre l(1)VE720 5 stn12 spont Schalet l(1)13-120 9 stn13 P Gergen l(1)30A 13 stn14 P Gergen l(1)PH1 13 stn15 EMS Sheppard stnC 2, 3 temperature-sensitive lethal allele ( 1 = Grigliatti, Hall, Rosenbluth, and Suzuki, 1973, Mol. Gen. Genet. 120: 107-14; 2 = Homyk and Pye, 1989, J. Neuro- genet. 5: 37-48; 3 = Homyk and Sheppard, 1977, Genetics 87: 95-104; 4 = Lefevre, 1981, Genetics 99: 461-80; 5 = Lefevre and Watkins, 1986, Genetics 113: 869-95; 6 = Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Mut. Res. 6: 235-44; 7 = Lifschytz and Falk, 1969, Mut. Res. 8: 147-55; 8 = Lifschytz and Yakobovitz, 1978, Mol. Gen. Genet. 161: 275-84; 9 = Schalet, 1986, Mutat. Res. 163: 115-44. 10 = Schalet and Lefevre, 1973, Chromosoma 44: 183-90; 11 = Schalet and Lefevre, 1976, The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila (Ashburner and Novitski, eds.). Academic Press, London, New York, San Francisco, Vol. 1b, pp. 847-902; 12 = Schalet and Singer, 1971, DIS 46: 131-32; 13 = Zusman, Coulter, and Gergen, 1985, DIS 61: 217-18. cytology: Tentatively placed near bands 20B-C (Miklos et al., 1987); by deficiency mapping placed between l(1)20Bb and l(1)20Ca. Also maps between right breakpoints of Df(1)17-466 and Df(1)17-439; however, the cytology so close to the chromo- center is intractable and no observed breakpoints are given. #*sto: stocky location: 1-29.8. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 75. phenotype: Fly short and stocky. Wings short but normal in width. Eyes large and pear shaped. Bristles slightly shorter than normal. Male sterile; viability about 50% normal. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 1528. #*stotpw: stocky-tapered wings origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)amino- phenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. synonym: tpw. references: 1958, DIS 32: 76-77. phenotype: Wings slightly shortened and broadened with tip pointed at L3 rather than being smoothly rounded. Eyes small and oval. Slightly dusky thorax. Both sexes viable; female rather infertile. RK2. # stoned: see stn # stonewall: see snw # stop: stopped (T. Schupbach) location: 2-76. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. references: Schupbach and Wieschaus. phenotype: Female sterile; homozygous females often have under- developed ovaries that seem to lack germ cells altogether. In some females a small number of developing egg chambers are found that never develop beyond the first few stages of oogenesis. alleles: Two alleles, stop1 and stop2 isolated as W5 and W6. # stormfront: see stf #*stp: silver tips location: 1-46.1. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 92. phenotype: Fly slightly smaller than normal. Bristles thin, weak, and most are unpigmented; hairs unaffected. Male sterile; viability low. RK3. # Stp: see Mhc15 #*Stp-1: Strapped in chromosome 1 location: 1-50.6 (not allelic with sd). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hannah. references: 1950, Genetics 35: 669. phenotype: Expression limited to male. About 15% of Stp-1; Stp-2/+ males show some scalloping of wing margins. Most Stp-1; Stp-2/Stp-2 males have some degree of scalloping, vary- ing from a small nick to vestigal-like wings. Modified by both genetic and environmental factors. Without Stp-2, Stp-1 has no effect. RK3. #*Stp-2: Strapped in chromosome 2 location: 2- (right arm between c and sp). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hannah. references: 1950, Genetics 35: 669. phenotype: Fifteen percent of Stp-1; Stp-2/+ and most Stp-1; Stp-2/Stp-2 males show incising of wing margin. Stp-2/Stp-2/+ and Stp-2/Stp-2/Stp-2 intersexes show scalloping in the pres- ence or absence of Stp-1. RK3. # str: see tkv # str(2)350: see mfs(2)350 #*Str: Stretched wings location: 2-67. discoverer: Tanaka, 34a12. references: 1937, DIS 8: 11. phenotype: Wings divergent. Homozygous lethal. RK2. # str-R: see Rst(1)str # straight abdomen: see sab # stranded-at-second: see sas # Strapped: see Stp # straw: see stw # strawberry: see faswb under N # strawberry notch: see sno # Streak: see Sk # streaked sterni: see sts # streakex: see stx # stress-sensitive: see ses # Stretched wings: see Str # string: see stg # stripe: see sr # sts: streaked sterni location: 1-60.3. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)amino- phenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 92. phenotype: Small fly with light body color. Brown areas on abdominal sternites often form two longitudinal lines. Eclo- sion delayed. Viability and fertility low. RK3. #*stt: spotty location: 1-34.3. origin: Induced by p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)amino- phenylethylamine (CB. 3034). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 92. phenotype: Fly small. Wings slightly deformed. Small dark spots on anterior abdominal segments. In extreme cases, ter- gites broken and abnormally rejoined, and hairs deranged. Eyes rather small. Male sterile; viability about 50% wild type. RK2. #*stt2 origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. synonym: spt: spotty-tergum. references: 1959, DIS 33: 91. phenotype: Fly small; wings wrinkled or pleated. Darkly pig- mented spots dispersed over abdomen, particularly on fourth tergite. Tergites occasionally ridged or broken. Bristles long and straggly. Male sterile; viability about 30% normal. RK2. other information: Allelism inferred from similarity in pheno- type and genetic location at 34.1. #*stu: small tumeroid location: 1-20.4. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)amino- phenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 92. phenotype: Fly small, frequently has small melanotic pseudotu- mors. Viability 5% wild type. Male fertile. RK3. # stubarista: see sta # stubarista-P32: see crm # Stubble: see Sb # Stubble-recessive: see sbd # stubbloid: see sbd # Stubby: see Sy # Stubby-30: see Bl30 # Stubby-31l 19: see Bl31l # stubs: see sbs # stuck: see sk # stuck up: see Mhc15 # Stumpy: see St # stw: straw location: 2-55.1 [0.03 unit to the right of rl (Tano, 1966, Japan J. Genet. 41: 299-308); between rl and apblt (Stur- tevant, 1949, DIS 23: 98)]. phenotype: Hair color yellowish, especially on legs. Bristles pale at tips. Heterozygous deficiency for stw produces paling of body color. RK2. alleles: allele origin discoverer synonym ref ( _____________________________________________________ stw1 spont Bridges, 17f11 2 stw2 spont Bridges, 21g swy 2 stw3 X ray Serebrovsky, 1930 *stw4 Mather, 37k30 stw5 UV Meyer, 51d 1 stw6 UV Meyer, 51e 1 *stw7 UV Meyer, 51f 1 *stwD spont Kiil, 38k28 3 ( 1 = Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25: 73; 2 = Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliogr. Genet. 2: 237; 3 = Mossige, 1939, DIS 12: 47. cytology: Placed in 41B or C on the basis of the pale body color of heterozygotes for the deficiency from 41B3 through 42A2 formed by combining left end of In(2R)Cy = In(2R)42A2- 3;58A4-B1 with right end of In(2R)bwVDel = In(2R)41B2- C1;59E2-4 and inclusion of stw in several cytologically invisible deficiencies at base of 2R, e.g., Df(2R)M41A (Schultz). # stw2 phenotype: Hairs pale yellow; bristles brownish with yellow tips. Wings pale yellow and somewhat thin and warped. Slightly more extreme than stw. Larval mouth parts straw colored at basal prongs and classifiable with difficulty in third-instar larvae (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 27: 254-61). RK2. # stw3 phenotype: Hairs, bristles, wings, and wing veins straw yellow. Body yellowish with pronounced dark trident. Tyrosinase formed in adult (Horowitz). Wings thin and buckled. Hairs on wing cells incompletely chitinized (Waddington, 1941, Proc. Zool. Soc., Ser. A 111: 173-80). Puparium noticeably lighter than wild type. Larval mouth parts straw colored at basal prongs; classifiable in living larva (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 27: 254-61). RK2. other information: Waddington found that irradiation of stw3 homozygote 2 days before eclosion produces reverse mutations that appear as single wild-type wing hairs (1940, Nature 146: 335). #*stw4 phenotype: Body pale yellow. Legs almost colorless. Wings colorless, thin, and fragile. Black areas of abdomen still black but heavily sprinkled with pale spots. Larval mouth parts normal (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 27: 254-61). RK2. # stw5 phenotype: Activation of the phenoloxidase at the time of melanization reduced in stw5 homozygotes compared to wild type (Mitchell, 1966, J. Insect. Physiol. 12: 755-65). Electrore- tinogram normal (Hotta and Benzer, 1969, Nature 222: 354-56). Semilethal or associated with a closely linked semilethal. RK2. # stw6 phenotype: Like stw. Viability low. RK2. #*stw7 phenotype: Bristles yellowish. Wing color pale, often overlaps wild type. Eclosion delayed. Poor viability. RK2. #*stwD: straw-Dominant phenotype: Body and bristles of homozygote light yellow; wings thin, buckled, and curled. In heterozygote, wings less abnor- mal; body and bristles wild type. stwD/stw3 like stw3. stwD/Df(2R)M41A has exaggerated stw phenotype. RK1. #*stx: streakex location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 26k30. references: 1935, DIS 3: 30. phenotype: Dark streak down dorsal midline of thorax. Sem- ilethal. RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(1)stx; in the left end but break- points unknown.